«Classical Antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centred on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC) and continues through the rise of Christianity and the...» Document abstract
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ancient history
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16/01/2007
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SummaryClassical Antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centred on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC) and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD). The term Late Antiquity suggests that the social and cultural priorities of Classical Antiquity endured throughout Europe into the beginning of the middle Ages (700/800 AD).
A first impression of the history of geographical thought and the expansion of knowledge through conquest and exploration tends to focus attention on the Mediterranean world. As the island of Ireland was never formally incorporated into the Roman Empire, it remained free from Roman influence and existed as a relatively isolated corner of Celtic culture.
A first impression of the history of geographical thought and the expansion of knowledge through conquest and exploration tends to focus attention on the Mediterranean world. As the island of Ireland was never formally incorporated into the Roman Empire, it remained free from Roman influence and existed as a relatively isolated corner of Celtic culture.
Table of Contents- In the classical antique Roman sources, Ireland is related as a space of oddity, in terms both of its geography and its inhabitants
- The transformation of the image of the Irish in late Antiquity is largely due to the Christianisation of Ireland
«Joan of Arc never lived to hear her own name; she never lived to see her own deliverance. Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid) died a heretic. Redeemed twenty-five years later at the nullification of the Rouen trial that sentenced her to the stake,...» Document abstract
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ancient history
school essay
date published
19/10/2007
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SummaryJoan of Arc never lived to hear her own name; she never lived to see her own deliverance. Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid) died a heretic. Redeemed twenty-five years later at the nullification of the Rouen trial that sentenced her to the stake, Joan finally earned the honor behind the surname D’Arc, but not before cementing a dichotomy larger than the split between England and France. Was Joan of Arc truly a messenger of God, or merely a girl spawned by satanic delusions or personal vendettas? History fails Joan; it is not even known for sure her date of birth or her exact age at death. Régine Pernoud, in her book Joan of Arc: Her Story, paints a portrait of Jeanne left incomplete by lack of fact and verification. Even her accompanying collection of interviews and transcripts, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, presents a one-dimensional Joan void of any emotion beyond her devotion to God. Such reckless piousness is hard to believe. Most fictional accounts of the Maid sacrifice spirituality in the name of humanity. Even William Shakespeare in his theatrical representation of King Henry VI presents Joan as the basest of villains, weak to the point of embracing Satan to save her own life. This English propaganda, common in decades following the end of the 100 Years War, presents a strikingly human Joan in comparison to the French obsession with her as icon alone: it is easier to sympathize with Joan as a lost girl torn on the eve of her death than as a devout Christian unbreakable even by the thought of fire and damnation. In his film The Messenger, Luc Besson attempts to find understanding in the story of Jeanne la Pucelle, a kind of humanity disallowed by history and Joan herself.
Table of Contents- Joan of Arc never lived to hear her own name; she never lived to see her own deliverance.
- Aside from information gathered at Domrémy during both the original Rouen trial and its subsequent nullification trial, Joan the Maid's childhood is for the most part an empty slate.
- Besson also introduces a sister of Jeanne, Catherine, who is killed and raped by the advancing English army while saving Joan in Domrémy.
- For the most part, Joan of Arc was an onlooker.
- Most attempts to view Joan of Arc beyond a simply religious context, and consequently, as a person instead of as a spiritual icon, revolve around her military campaigns.
- Miracles, visions and voices are things most people do not believe in.
- When asked, she admitted to the voice of God having told her to carry this sword alongside the banner He designed in greatest detail.
- Simply stated, Luc Besson presents a Joan who does not even believe herself.
«The story of Cleopatra is one of epic proportions. Fully of mystery, intrigue and intelligence, Cleopatra is considered one of the most prominent and powerful figures in history. Due to the "Hollywood-ification" of her life as well as legendary...» Document abstract
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8 pages word
Language : english
ancient history
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date published
11/02/2008
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SummaryThe story of Cleopatra is one of epic proportions. Fully of mystery, intrigue and intelligence, Cleopatra is considered one of the most prominent and powerful figures in history. Due to the "Hollywood-ification" of her life as well as legendary stories that have pervaded history, it is hard to differentiate what is myth and what is real. One thing for certain is that Cleopatra was a brilliant and powerful woman whose place in history is rightfully earned. Her charm and innate charisma were tools that helped her to control many powerful men in her life, and also led to her eventual demise.
One truth about Cleopatra is that she was actually the seventh and the last of a long line of queens named Cleopatra. The famous Cleopatra we associate with today was born in 69 BC in Alexandria, which was the capital of Egypt at the time. Her father was Pharaoh Ptolemy XII, who was nicknamed the Flute Player. Her mother was assumed to be his sister, Cleopatra V Tyrphaena. Cleopatra VII also had two older sisters, named Cleopatra VI, the other Berenice, in addition to a younger sister named Arsinoe. Two younger brothers both named Ptolemy rounded out the royal Macedonian family. The lineage derived from Ptolemy I, who was a general of Alexander the Great. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Ptolemy became king
One truth about Cleopatra is that she was actually the seventh and the last of a long line of queens named Cleopatra. The famous Cleopatra we associate with today was born in 69 BC in Alexandria, which was the capital of Egypt at the time. Her father was Pharaoh Ptolemy XII, who was nicknamed the Flute Player. Her mother was assumed to be his sister, Cleopatra V Tyrphaena. Cleopatra VII also had two older sisters, named Cleopatra VI, the other Berenice, in addition to a younger sister named Arsinoe. Two younger brothers both named Ptolemy rounded out the royal Macedonian family. The lineage derived from Ptolemy I, who was a general of Alexander the Great. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Ptolemy became king
«In 794, Emperor Kammu of Japan moved the capital from Nara to Heian, in an attempt to separate the in-fluential Buddhist sects of Nara from the state. This led to the development of Heian Buddhism, which is identified by the idea that everyone can...» Document abstract
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Language : english
ancient history
research papers
date published
18/04/2008
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SummaryIn 794, Emperor Kammu of Japan moved the capital from Nara to Heian, in an attempt to separate the in-fluential Buddhist sects of Nara from the state. This led to the development of Heian Buddhism, which is identified by the idea that everyone can attain Buddhahood. Even with this belief, the Heian school was still separated from the common people by sharing “secret doctrines only...[with] the initiated” and by stating they are protectors of the state, making it the religion of the elite (Lu, ed., Japan A Documentary History 1997: 51, 52). Essentially, esoteric Heian Buddhism was “catering to the whims of the privileged” (Lu, ed., Japan A Documentary History 1997: 117). In contrast, the Kamakara Buddhist schools tried “to bring Buddhist teachings closer to the people” (Lu, ed., Japan A Documentary History 1997: 120) where reading of the Buddhist scriptures weren’t as stressed.
Key words- Saicho, Kukai, Shingon, Tendai, Buddhahood, Kamakura age, Zen Buddhism, Nichiren, Rinzai and Soto.
Key words- Saicho, Kukai, Shingon, Tendai, Buddhahood, Kamakura age, Zen Buddhism, Nichiren, Rinzai and Soto.
Table of Contents- 804, two Japanese monks, Saicho and Kukai, went to China to study Buddhism.
- Although the idea of universal Buddhahood was asserted, the esoteric schools still didn't spread completely.
- Around the beginning of the thirteenth century, Zen Buddhism was brought from China into Japan.
- The Kamakura schools brought a great change to Buddhism.
«Although the Virgin Mary is depicted in the gospel text and other religious literature as primarily a humble “handmaid of God,” imagery in medieval representations of her tend to downplay that aspect of her personality. Instead, social class is what...» Document abstract
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7 word format
Language : english
ancient history
presentation
date published
03/06/2008
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SummaryAlthough the Virgin Mary is depicted in the gospel text and other religious literature as primarily a humble “handmaid of God,” imagery in medieval representations of her tend to downplay that aspect of her personality. Instead, social class is what is most often emphasized, with the depiction of Mary’s superior social standing echoing that of the either the painter or the patron who commissioned the work. The royal, “Queen of Heaven” aspect of her personality becomes what is most important, while other characteristics such as humility fall by the wayside. This paper will address two such paintings by northern European artists in the 15th century: “The Merode Altarpeice” by Robert Campin and the “Washington Annunciation” by Jan van Eyck. Both of these are paintings of the Annunciation to the Virgin by Flemish painters around the same time period. Both depict the Virgin Mary at a social standing equal or greater to the level of the patrons – the audience has to be able to view her as socially higher than them in order for her to be respected. To add an extra level of analysis, these paintings will be compared not only to each other, but also to the 1898 “Annunciation” by African-American artist Henry Ossawa Tanner.
Table of Contents- The story of Mary and the Annunciation of Christ's birth comes from Luke.
- Mary's humility could be found in contemporary writings, as well.
- It has been established that Mary's humility is her number one virtue, yet the question persists.
- In Northern Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries there was a 'gradually increasing emphasis on Mary's humanity and circumstances of her domestic life.?
- Jan van Eyck was a Flemish artist born in 1385.
- Thus, van Eyck dresses her as royalty, diminishing her humble side in order to make his audience take her seriously.
- The 'Merode Altarpiece' by Robert Campin shows the Annunciation as a vision viewed by the patrons of the painting.
- Tanner started his career doing genre painting, which appealed only to the small portion of African-Americans who could afford to purchase his artwork.
«The short period of time after the death of Mohammad was a tumultuous one of growth and redefinition. What would follow Mohammad’s career of revelations and what it would mean for a society governed by them was the looming question to be quickly and...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
ancient history
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date published
04/06/2008
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SummaryThe short period of time after the death of Mohammad was a tumultuous one of growth and redefinition. What would follow Mohammad’s career of revelations and what it would mean for a society governed by them was the looming question to be quickly and unavoidably answered by the actions of the new Muslim empire. Military expansion and a unification of diverse tribes became key paths to success, and within three years all of Arabia and Persia fell to the Islamic empire. Endless military campaigns and the eager desire of warriors to conquer further lands for Islam became a cycle and an inherent part of Islam for many years to come. The empire grew and became stable, but the tenuous nature of its hold on power during the short period of inception meant that key actions, places, people, and customs would have enormous historical echoes affecting all of what was to come. The factors that contributed to Islam’s rapid takeover are innumerable, and perhaps not all available to the modern scholar.
Table of Contents- The Birth of Islam as an Empire.
- Khalid ibn-Walid (known as The Holy Sword) is a historical figure of some myth and his history.
- Khalid was needlessly cruel and on more than one occasion was chastised for being overly violent.
«Social development in most countries is predicated upon the history and tradition of the country in its early years of development. In other words, the direct issues of law and order that have become a part of modern social discourse can be traced...» Document abstract
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6 word format
Language : english
ancient history
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date published
04/06/2008
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SummarySocial development in most countries is predicated upon the history and tradition of the country in its early years of development. In other words, the direct issues of law and order that have become a part of modern social discourse can be traced back to the historical development of the state. As such, an integral understanding of a countries laws and social customs must give some consideration to the historical context in which the country developed. On by considering this process can the true nature of law and social order be delineated. With the realization that the historical context of the development of law and order must be taken into consideration when examining the modern discourse of a particular country, there is a clear impetus to examine how history has shaped modern conceptions of law and order. Using this as a basis for investigation, this research considers the development of law in order in ancient China.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Law and Order in Ancient China'an Overview
- All Chinese history had to be forced into the Procrustean bed of the doctrine.
- Practice of Judge Dee
- Synthesis of the Information
- Conclusion
«Stone tools are often the glorified paradigm for anthropological assumptions about human intelligence evolution. Their concrete and quantifiable linkages to Paleolithic realities are what make stone tools such a pivotal addition to anthropology’s...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
ancient history
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date published
05/06/2008
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SummaryStone tools are often the glorified paradigm for anthropological assumptions about human intelligence evolution. Their concrete and quantifiable linkages to Paleolithic realities are what make stone tools such a pivotal addition to anthropology’s understanding of evolution. The shifts in the archeological records that are characterized by stone tools represent how human intelligence evolution is a function of a congruence of ecological factors. Although some anthropologists take a very specific, pure, and neurological approach to understanding stone tool evolution, this parochial perspective can limit the insight available from the broader context of stone tool and intellectual progression. Human intelligence evolution is a multidimensional process that reaches far beyond the scope of the individual, and the archeological record, through its ability to encompass all dynamics of evolutionary ecology, provides an effective framework for analyzing developments in human intelligence.
Table of Contents- Stone tool use development is one of the clearest indicators for demonstrating our evolutionary divergence from other species
- An appropriate framework for understanding tool development inferences
- Stone tools automatically imply a transaction
- The clear environmental influence on stone tool
- Stone tool development represents manifestation of human intelligence and its evolutionary course
«The Battle of Catalaunian Fields was the climax of the Hun invasion of the empire. It was this event that decided the fate of Europe because it was this battle which chose groups would to settle. If the Hun army had won European history would be...» Document abstract
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Language : english
ancient history
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date published
09/06/2008
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SummaryThe Battle of Catalaunian Fields was the climax of the Hun invasion of the empire. It was this event that decided the fate of Europe because it was this battle which chose groups would to settle. If the Hun army had won European history would be drastically changed. Europe today would be totally different. As the Roman Empire declined the Barbarians that surrounded the empire's perimeter became more daring and bold. With the arrival of the Huns out of the East, the barbarians became the main concern of the empire. The Huns drove ahead and disrupted many tribes which had begun to settle outside the empire. Most of these tribes were driven right into the empire.
Table of Contents- The Battle of Catalaunian Fields was the event that decided the fate of Europe.
- Prelude to the Battle
- Background on the Barbarian groups that participated in the Battle.
- Background on Roman trouble with barbarians
- The Battle of Catalaunian Fields.
- Results of the Battle
- Follow up on the Barbarian groups that participated and the establishment of kingdoms until 7th century.
- How the outcome of the battle affected the Roman Empire.
- Conclusion
«Here it will be attempted to examine three characters of within Hosea chapters one through three--from a socio-historical feminist viewpoint, ergo, socio-herstorical-in order to try to understand why they are portrayed the way they are in Hebrew...» Document abstract
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Language : english
ancient history
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date published
11/06/2008
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SummaryHere it will be attempted to examine three characters of within Hosea chapters one through three--from a socio-historical feminist viewpoint, ergo, socio-herstorical-in order to try to understand why they are portrayed the way they are in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament history. It is an attempt to try to dissect the politics of loyalty in ancient Israelite times. In order to present a better-rounded, three-dimensional personae in these three characters, the context out of which their common story arises becomes a crucial element in revealing who they are, versus the way in which they are chosen to be remembered as written in the book of Hoshea.
Table of Contents- That history of the society is where people and context unite-and, as such, becomes socio-historical.
- However, with the fall of the Northern Kingdom in 722 BCE, Syria-Palestine came under the rule of the Assyrians.
- This is the possibility that the story of Hosea and Gomer might be a beautifully-shaped and carefully constructed leitmotif for what was really going on within the kingdom of Israel under the rule of a foreign power.
- It is here that a little care should be taken to deduce why this would have been the case.
- As noted in previous work, the tribes of Ephraim and Judah were rivals.
- Switching back to Hosea momentarily-perhaps he was under sway to present a persona that was different from the namesake of the king under whom he was prophesying.
- However, when Hosea entertains the notion of actually marrying one of the (what was most likely) temple prostitutes (Gomer), in order to show that he really was one of his own people.
- King Hoshea seems like he was able to strike the balance, because, even though his loyalties were divided, in the end, the real lesson here is that he was the person who did not get killed.
- Hosea's platform was to keep the tragedy of the nation's fading allegiance to God and Israel to itself, from continuing to happen.
- The Assyrians, being in power, were oppressing people by either forcing or endorsing women and men to become participants in the temple cult.
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