« Attempts to form supranational governments since World War I. To answer the question “Can we have world government”, we must understand two questions: one ...» Document abstract
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5 pdf format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
25/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 20 times
SummaryTo answer the question “Can we have world government”, we must understand two questions: one is “What would be the use and necessity of a world government”; the other one is “In what extent would it be possible?” “A government is a system, form or organization by which a community or other political unit is governed” . Does globalization today imply that the world is ready for a supranational organization that would carry the badge “world government”? Indeed, Howard argues that “Gradually, under the pressure of globalization, supranational entities are coming into having the power to override the authority of sovereign states.” Although today's world is getting in some way more and more global (countries more and more interdependent), diversity and inequalities have not yet disappeared, nor are they likely to be in a good way of being eradicated. Considering this, we may wonder whether a world government would help resolve problems such as inequality: would developing countries benefit from it, or would only dominating powers manage to get something out of it? The answer obviously depends on the constitution of this government. There have been
various attempts to build a supranational entity, and each one of them has brought new useful lessons, either good or bad.
Table of Contents
- Why we would need a system that would dominate all the people of the world
- The idea of a world citizenship is very attractive, but there are many objections to it
- Attempts to form supranational governments since World War I
« people who have such power see the world in a to cope with the exigencies of their period." We have yet to see whether newspaper companies can cope with the ...» Document abstract
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5 word format
Language : english
sociology
presentation
date published
14/12/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 29 times
SummaryMass media has undoubtedly become the main medium used to distribute information among the population. The functioning of the mass media is complex and the influence it bares on shaping the audience’s opinions and attitudes colossal, making its control a great source of power. This ensemble of institutions and methods is interrelated with political, economical and social institutions and has therefore been studied in great depth. The aspect that will be examined in this presentation is the functioning of the mass media as large corporations, profit oriented organizations. To understand media functioning it is necessary to have knowledge of who owns those organizations, the pressures and influences they are subjected to, and what affect those elements bear on media content, the information audiences have access to. One of the main sources we used is the book “manufacturing consent, the political economy of the mass media” by Edward S. Herman & Noam Chomsky that proposes a “propaganda model” to explain how media ownership is at the root of what information and messages the audience has access to. The definition of propaganda focuses on the unrestrained process and most specifically on the purpose of the process: propaganda is the intentional and organized attempt to shape perceptions, control and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Propaganda is an attempt to impose a message with an objective that has been established a priori.
The model proposes an explanation, of how media content is used to uphold the dominance of the ruling elite. According to the authors, all news goes through a variety of filters before we, as audiences, have access to them. By the end of this “filtering” process, only what is considered “newsworthy” by the ruling elite reaches us.
The mass media are a form of capitalist enterprise whose owners aim at maximizing their profit. They have evolved similarly to other enterprises undergoing processes concentration including integration, both vertical and horizontal, diversification and internationalization. In the case of vertical integration, media enterprises have expanded into different kinds of businesses in an attempt to control either the sources allowing production or the distribution. Horizontal distribution involves expanding within the same market. Through the processes of internationalization, vertical and horizontal integration, those corporations are no longer simply media corporations, but have become global enterprises involved in a wide variety of sectors of the economy. As with other industries, the media is governed by economy, promoting commodities to consumers, namely the audience, having to deal with competition in order to maximize profit… In his article: “He Who Has the Gold Rules” (February 13, 1996), David Morris points out the fact that the increasing concentration of print and electronic media into mega corporations such as General Electric, Time Warner, Walt Disney Company or CBS Corporation reinforces the basic law of money and politics. The mass media is governed primarily by capitalism.
Ownership of the media has traditionally been in family or State hands and despite the diffusion of share ownership, control remains highly concentrated among a small number of share holders that have interests in a variety of other organizations as a result to a great extent, of the processes of concentration examined in the previous paragraph. Some of those “media giants” are the Cox, Murdoch, and Turner families...
The model proposes an explanation, of how media content is used to uphold the dominance of the ruling elite. According to the authors, all news goes through a variety of filters before we, as audiences, have access to them. By the end of this “filtering” process, only what is considered “newsworthy” by the ruling elite reaches us.
The mass media are a form of capitalist enterprise whose owners aim at maximizing their profit. They have evolved similarly to other enterprises undergoing processes concentration including integration, both vertical and horizontal, diversification and internationalization. In the case of vertical integration, media enterprises have expanded into different kinds of businesses in an attempt to control either the sources allowing production or the distribution. Horizontal distribution involves expanding within the same market. Through the processes of internationalization, vertical and horizontal integration, those corporations are no longer simply media corporations, but have become global enterprises involved in a wide variety of sectors of the economy. As with other industries, the media is governed by economy, promoting commodities to consumers, namely the audience, having to deal with competition in order to maximize profit… In his article: “He Who Has the Gold Rules” (February 13, 1996), David Morris points out the fact that the increasing concentration of print and electronic media into mega corporations such as General Electric, Time Warner, Walt Disney Company or CBS Corporation reinforces the basic law of money and politics. The mass media is governed primarily by capitalism.
Ownership of the media has traditionally been in family or State hands and despite the diffusion of share ownership, control remains highly concentrated among a small number of share holders that have interests in a variety of other organizations as a result to a great extent, of the processes of concentration examined in the previous paragraph. Some of those “media giants” are the Cox, Murdoch, and Turner families...
Table of Contents
- The functioning of the free market
- Advertising
- The need for sources of information in the production of news
- ´flak´ : attacking the media by the generation of a negative response generally by the government
« If we can escape, we have control. to believe in or in the hands of the natural world in which In other words, we have only one way to have final control over ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
humanities/philosophy
school essay
date published
07/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 2 times
SummaryHuman beings, as superior animals, are born with unique cognitive processes that we have yet to identify in other animals. It is our cognition, our thoughts that set us apart from other creatures and make us who we are. However, our ability to think and analyze is also what causes us to question what we are capable of. Within the capacity of our thoughts and minds we have complete freedom. It is the freedom of our bodies that we continue to question. Who has final control over our bodies? Philosophers, lawmakers, and the average individual have been battling with the idea of our physical freedoms for a long time. We, as human beings, have free will and because of this every action is an exercise of that freedom. Because of our free nature, despite some limitations, we have ultimate control over our bodies and our actions.
« in cremes leading up into the first World War We have created a over crowded prison system which criminalizes How can we stand by and say that drinking alcohol ...» Document abstract
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2 word format
Language : english
civil law
school essay
date published
12/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 1 times
SummaryOnce upon a time… or more accurately in the early 1930’s, marijuana was made illegal and renamed the ‘Devil’s Weed’. Whether or not there was a conspiracy to make hemp illegal by the government and the pulp paper industry is hard to say, but one thing is for certain, the strangling hold the government struggles and pretends to hold on the war on drugs, and more specifically marijuana is absurd. Not only does the government waste countless dollars convicting law abiding citizens for possessing and using marijuana, it also with holds the benefits the plant has for medicinal purposes, as well as looses out on the numerous amount of money it could gain by regulating cannabis in the same fashion that it regulates tobacco. While the use of any device for the purpose of partying is wrong, why should we treat marijuana differently from other common drugs that are not only legal, but taxed and accepted both socially and economically?
« except that we are not sure of the time frame we have till the of the media to inform the people of the world of these issues, so that we can make the ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
political science
research papers
date published
08/02/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
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SummaryIn the modernized lifestyles we live today, the consequences of this lifestyle seems to have finally caught up with us. Since 1994, the world’s mean temperature has risen almost 1 degree Fahrenheit, and it is only increasing. This is believed to have been caused by excess gas and smoke emissions from cars, planes, boats, and factories, and is more commonly known as global warming. This problem is threatening the existence of our planet, and is one that needs to be dealt with. Research on this conflict has shown that the gases released from our vehicles and factories, also known as “greenhouse” gases, have damaged the layers of our atmosphere and has allowed the suns heat to penetrate further into our planet, and that in the very near future our planet may become uninhabitable. So the question most sane people would ask is this: What are we going to do to stop this? The solution to this question is pretty simple in concept: stop trashing our planet, and cut down on our greenhouse gas emissions. However, executing this solution requires a worldwide effort, and therein lies the problem.
Table of Contents
- The first question about global warming and the most important one is if global warming is actually happening.
- Many reports and claims about global warming have been tampered with and may be considered inaccurate.
- As corrupt as all of these actions and decisions are, most of these go unheard of in the world.
- The decision of ExxonMobil to try to discredit global warming in order to minimize losses is undoubtedly one of low morals.
- The perspectives that an individual takes on global warming is influenced by the media coverage on the issue.
« Research centers such as Stony Brook University have the potential to is now being taught in schools all over the world. Why can we not learn from our mistakes ...» Document abstract
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4 word format
Language : english
biology
presentation
date published
02/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 1 times
SummaryThousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody’s mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope. Man has now arrived at the next step, shall we say “the wheel” of our lifetime, stem cells and in particular embryonic stem cells. Research of these remarkable and still very mysterious cells is the key to the future and can be more useful and rewarding than anyone had ever expected. Stem cells are the gateway to a longer, healthier life. They have the potential to cure such traumatic diseases as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s; the list could go on forever.
Table of Contents
- Thousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody's mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope
- Galileo, the man who 'defied' his society, and perfected the telescope, is now considered one of the most brilliant and revolutionary men in history
- It is impossible to write a paper defending stem cell research without first giving an overview of what stem cells are
- It should be universally understood that every single minute of life is important, to lose that understanding is to lose all morals
- President Bush's policies on stem cell research are unjustified and are being discredited all over the country and the world
- So what makes scientists so sure that embryonic stem cells are the key to the future?
« beings, instead it must be a world-wide revolution Like Marx, however, Kant believed that individuals have got to We can treat the "realm of ends" as our destiny ...» Document abstract
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4 word format
Language : english
literature
term papers
date published
11/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 0 times
Summaryn the Preface to Ecce Homo, Nietzsche writes, “The last thing I should promise would be to “improve” mankind.” Although it was not Nietzsche’s aim to improve life for the majority, it was the main focus of many of the writings of his predecessors and contemporaries. Nietzsche’s writings focused mainly on the contributions of great individuals to society and culture. On the other hand, philosophers like Kant and Marx focused on improving the conditions of life for the majority of citizens.
« have explored the concept of religious freedom, we can see why as a kind of moral watchdog of the world. Whereas we have seen that it is complicated to define ...» Document abstract
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4 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
25/01/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 6 times
SummaryIn 1998, the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) created both the International Religious Freedom Office in the Department of State and the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF). Since this date, a report has been produced every year within the United States, “reviewing and making policy recommendations on the facts and circumstances of religious freedom violations globally”. In other words, it evaluates every country on its “religious freedom”, designates “countries of particular concern” and makes recommandations to the American government. Hence, the United States tend to impose to the whole world its own conception of what should be the relations between Church and State.
This paper will attempt to show why it is very dangerous for the United States to try to evaluate the religious freedom of other countries and to promote “religious freedom” as a foreign policy goal. The United States, whose foundation is linked with the immigration of people fleeing religious persecution in Europe, has a particular conception of religious freedom, which is reflected in the religious clauses of the First amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...”. I consider that this conception should not, in any case, be used to judge other countries.
This paper will attempt to show why it is very dangerous for the United States to try to evaluate the religious freedom of other countries and to promote “religious freedom” as a foreign policy goal. The United States, whose foundation is linked with the immigration of people fleeing religious persecution in Europe, has a particular conception of religious freedom, which is reflected in the religious clauses of the First amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...”. I consider that this conception should not, in any case, be used to judge other countries.
Table of Contents
- Due to the complexity of this question, which has been resolved in many different ways both in the world and throughout history, it is totally inappropriate to try to evaluate in a unilateral way how the different countries of our world deal with the relations between church and state
- The International Freedom Act of 1998 has strong ideological biases, which makes it an inefficient instrument to judge the religious freedom within foreign countries
« The development of the Western world had very bad consequences on the environment, but Now that we have polluted the planet to develop, can we ask the ...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
15/01/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 24 times
Summary The last half of the 20th Century has been exclusively dominated by the Cold war conflict. There was little space in the analysis of the scholars in International relations for other minor issues of “low politics”, while the questions of the nuclear war and balance of terror dominated the studies of world politics. Although international agreements have been signed for about a century, “the environment was simply regarded as the unchanging context of international politics.” The first change occurred in the late 60s early 1970s, from a public awareness of environmental degradation due to the industrial activity. This emergence of the ecologic sensibility was translated by the creation of lobbying groups such as Greenpeace, and political parties around the Western world. But the real change in that respect was corollary to the end of the cold war. The collapse of the USSR put a temporary end to the major threat of the time, the nuclear war. New threats and a new definition of security then appeared in the study of International relations, challenging the old realist theories. These attempts to redefine concepts such as security or threat will be studied in the first part, as it is a key to understand how environment can be a security issue. There are several fashions in which environmental issues can represent international threats, and that is the focus of the second part.
Table of Contents
- Attempts to redefine concepts such as security or threat
- Several fashions in which environmental issues can represent international threats
« of central power, no enduring framework can exist we acknowledge international law, to what are we referring law." (Mingst, 187) However, customs have their limit ...» Document abstract
$2.95
3 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
21/05/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 0 times
SummaryInternational law has always been a significant subject of debate, but in the past hundred years this debate has intensified. Not only has the debate posed questions like ‘Of what does international law consist?’ but also it has further questioned the authenticity, legitimacy, and sheer existence of international law. Theorists, legal students, and states are also continuously discussing ‘Is International law really law?’
Table of Contents
- What is international law?
- This second definition is a much more effective one in trying to capture the complex realm of international law.
- International law is composed of a variety of sources.
- In a more theoretical scope, how does international law affect the actions of states?
- The controversy will likely continue, as states argue about sovereignty, national citizenship versus international citizenship and the legitimacy of international law.
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