«For time immemorial, mankind has been locked in a vicious and never-ending struggle against an enemy that is cunning, resourceful, and not above hitting below the belt; in short the one enemy that is capable of presenting a formidable challenge on...» Document abstract
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Language : english
literature
case study
date published
22/10/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryFor time immemorial, mankind has been locked in a vicious and never-ending struggle against an enemy that is cunning, resourceful, and not above hitting below the belt; in short the one enemy that is capable of presenting a formidable challenge on every conceivable field of battle: womankind. This “battle of the sexes” is nothing more than the daily interaction between men and women, and the conflict that must result due to the inherent differences of the two genders. While it is easy to identify the physical differences between men and women, the metaphysical differences are more difficult to distinguish and have often been the subject of many literary works. One such work, “The Thousand and One Nights,” discusses these differences between men and women, and identifies the resultant gender conflicts. According to the work, men are described as being virtuous and powerful, the rulers and kings of their households. In contrast, women are portrayed as weak willed and sinful, taking every opportunity to misbehave and rebel against their husbands. As a result, the men must exert their dominance over the women, so as to ensure a happy marriage and a successful resolution to the “battle of the sexes.”
Table of Contents- 'The Thousand and One Nights,' is the story of King Shahrayar, an Indian king who was wronged by his unfaithful wife, and as a result, has vowed to kill every subsequent wife after one night of marriage.
- The first group to be analyzed, the masculine nobility, is composed of King Shahrayar and his brother King Shahzaman.
- The second group, the masculine peasantry, is composed of the various merchants and old men of Shahrazd's stories.
- A further point of similarity between the two groups of men is their sincere piety:
- The women of the second group, the peasantry, are similarly unfaithful and deceitful, but as they are peasants, they are depicted as being considerably worse than their noble counterparts
- Thus, according to 'The Thousand and One Nights,' women will forever be conniving and deceitful, intent on bringing evil and harm.
«Total quality management is “a management approach of an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all of its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the...» Document abstract
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Language : english
business strategy
case study
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryTotal quality management is “a management approach of an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all of its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and too society” (Wikipedia). This is the definition of total quality management as given by the International Standards Organization, and while the definition provides a vague notion of what total quality management is, it fails to provide any real knowledge of total quality management. Instead, as with many things in life, in order to fully understand what total quality management is, what it’s various facets are, and how it gets implemented, it is necessary to explore first hand how real corporation define and use total quality management. In this paper, I will analyze the way in which the Toyota Motor Corporation uses total quality management, with a specific focus on the Toyota Production System and the three main tools by which Toyota Motor Corporation manages total quality management.
Table of Contents- While total quality management has been an integral part of the American business world since the late 1940's, it has not been an exclusively American business practice.
- Total quality management in manufacturing starts with taking a random sample of product and performing statistical tests to maintain quality assurance
- While the total quality management tools listed above can be applicable to any manufacturing firm in any industry, each organization has it's own form of total quality management specifically tailored to meet specific business goal.
- Thus, a just-in-time production system not only reduces costs for Toyota Motor Corporation, but also is an integral part to improving efficiency and ingenuity.
- The second part of the Toyota Production System is the ability to stop the manufacturing process at any time, or simply Jidoka.
- By ensuring that the work being performed is being done in a specific way, it is possible to identify where and why a production defect has occurred.
- In conclusion, the specific set of total quality management tactics that are employed by Toyota Motor Corporation to improve the quality of its production process is known as the Toyota Production System.
«Our experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
case study
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryOur experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster than the voluntary response, and that with the Jendrassik maneuver, the reflex would be even more responsive. We predicted the latency to be lower for the reflex as compared to the voluntary response, and the amplitude to be higher for the reflex with the Jendrassik maneuver as compared to the reflex on its own. We conducted this experiment with the help of an apparatus that measured the angle during leg movement after the reflex. Specifically, flexion of the quadriceps (the reflex response) would cause the leg to kick out. The apparatus was basically two pieces of plastic connected to each other at a joint. One piece was attached to the calf and the other to the thigh. When the leg kicked out, the angle at which the two pieces of plastic connected changed, and the magnitude of change was recorded on a computer hooked up to the device. It would serve well to understand some background information about the neuron, neurotransmitters and their receptors, excitatory/inhibitory reflexes, and involuntary reflexes.
Table of Contents- The neuron consists of the soma (cell body), axon, dendrites, and in some cases myelin sheaths.
- The knee jerk reflex tested in this experiment was one such involuntary movement.
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- The average latency for the reflex knee jerk was .32 seconds.
- Discussion
- Our results were consistent with our hypothesis and our predictions.
- As for the voluntary knee jerk vs. the reflex knee jerk, our predictions also held up.
«One of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
case study
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryOne of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by the heart. Without the heart’s pumping action, blood would simply remain stagnant within the vessels of the body, and any vertebrate in this condition would die off very quickly.
Table of Contents- While the heart is essential to all vertebrates alike, it is important to note that there are some stark distinctions between the hearts of different vertebrates.
- Although the heart is able to initiate its own action potential and make itself beat, there are sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that innervate it.
- As compared to the control, adding epinephrine sped up heart rate but, according to the readings, decreased contractile strength.
«Water comprises a very large part of an organism’s body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
case study
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryWater comprises a very large part of an organism’s body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids within organisms; the ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF (Extracellular fluids). Every organism regulates the tonicity of the ICF. However, the ECF can be regulated or non-regulated. Organisms fall into two categories based on this distinction. These categories are the osmoconformers and the osmoregulators (Dilger and Collins, p.9). Osmoregulators have special mechanisms to keep their BFOC (Body fluid osmotic concentration) constant, independent of the EOC (environmental osmotic concentration). Osmoconformers, on the other hand, have a BFOC that is directly related to the EOC ( Dilger and Collins, p.9).
Table of Contents- The two organisms that we studied in the lab were the sand worms Nereis sp. and the hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria.
- To carry out this experiment, we used three different concentrations of artificial salt water using a mixture of 'Instant Ocean' and water.
- The worms weight change shows that in a less salty solution, they gain weight.
- At the conclusion of this lab, there are some confirmations of the hypothesis and some discrepancies.
- In general, organisms could use other osmoregulating devices such as protonephridia, metanephridia, malphighian tubules, and the kidneys.
«Bacterial transformation is the transforming of a bacterial cell using plasmids spliced with various types of DNA from other cells (Miyazaki, 201). Instead of a nucleus with chromosomes, bacterial cells have one large circular chromosome in their...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
case study
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryBacterial transformation is the transforming of a bacterial cell using plasmids spliced with various types of DNA from other cells (Miyazaki, 201). Instead of a nucleus with chromosomes, bacterial cells have one large circular chromosome in their cell. They also have much smaller rings of DNA throughout their cytosol. These smaller DNA rings are the plasmids which one can manipulate and introduce into cells for transformation to occur. (Miyazaki, 203)
One example of such a manipulated plasmid is the pGLO plasmid. This is the plasmid that we used in this lab. We introduced this plasmid into E. Coli bacteria using the heat shock method. This method involves placing the transformation mixture with the bacteria and the plasmid into ice and then into a hot water bath several times. We also made use of a CaCl2 solution which made the cell walls of the cells even more permeable to the plasmids.
One example of such a manipulated plasmid is the pGLO plasmid. This is the plasmid that we used in this lab. We introduced this plasmid into E. Coli bacteria using the heat shock method. This method involves placing the transformation mixture with the bacteria and the plasmid into ice and then into a hot water bath several times. We also made use of a CaCl2 solution which made the cell walls of the cells even more permeable to the plasmids.
Table of Contents- One example of such a manipulated plasmid is the pGLO plasmid. This is the plasmid that we used in this lab.
- The hypothesis was that bacteria on a plate with arabinose would fluoresce if they had been transformed, and that bacteria on a plate with ampicillin would still grow if they were transformed.
- First, we observed the plasmid mixture under a UV light, and noted that it did not fluoresce.
- The plate labeled DNA+/LB/amp/ara had many white colonies on it.
- The DNA-/LB/amp plate was the most puzzling one.
- In conclusion, our experiment mostly confirmed our hypotheses and predictions.
«Cells need energy to do work to carry out metabolic processes that keep them alive and functioning. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. All plant and animal cells use a process known as cellular...» Document abstract
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Language : english
biology
case study
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryCells need energy to do work to carry out metabolic processes that keep them alive and functioning. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. All plant and animal cells use a process known as cellular respiration to make ATP from carbohydrates. Plant cells also have a process known as photosynthesis that they use to fixate carbon into carbohydrates using energy from the sun. However, even in plant cells, the most important energy contribution is made by cellular respiration, since ATP formed during photosynthesis is used primarily to fixate the carbon atoms for later use in glycolysis (a step of cellular respiration). Cellular respiration can either be carried out aerobically (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen) (Miyazaki, 85). This lab is concerned with testing the anaerobic pathway, namely alcohol fermentation.
Table of Contents- Alcohol fermentation occurs after glycolysis, instead of the Krebs cycle.
- The first experiment involved setting up a standard protocol, so that we could become familiar with the apparatus that measures the water displacement by CO2 and simultaneously see the affect of yeast concentration on fermentation rate.
- Following the conclusion of the standard protocol, we set up another experiment using the same set up.
- With respect to the standard protocol experiment, there is one main reason why the data turned out as it did.
- In conclusion, according to our experiment, fermentation is greatly affected by yeast concentration and pH levels.
«Exercise causes numerous physiological changes in the body. Body temperature increases during exercise because heat is generated in proportion to our need to produce energy. Sweat is a by product of the body heat generated and is sent to the surface...» Document abstract
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Language : english
sports
case study
date published
13/11/2007
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SummaryExercise causes numerous physiological changes in the body. Body temperature increases during exercise because heat is generated in proportion to our need to produce energy. Sweat is a by product of the body heat generated and is sent to the surface of the skin to evaporate and serves as a cooling mechanism. Aerobic exercise leads to the regeneration of ATP which causes an increased need for oxygen and an increased production of carbon dioxide. These two gases must be delivered and removed for the muscles to function properly. Oxygen is brought into the lungs of the body via inhalation and transferred from the pulmonary circuit to the heart via hemoglobin. The oxygenated blood passes through the heart and out into the body’s organs. Some hemoglobin red blood cells deliver the oxygenated blood to skeletal muscle being contracted during exercise. The muscle uses the oxygen to regenerate ATP aerobically. This process also produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. The carbon dioxide diffuses into capillary blood and travels back up through the heart and into the pulmonary circuit where it is taken to the lungs and disposed of by exhalation.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Heart rate will inevitably change over the course of the experiment.
- Method
- Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide clearance, tidal volume, and heart rate were recorded every two minutes and fifteen seconds throughout the exercise portion of the experiment as well as twice during the resting phase and recovery phase.
- Results
- Discussion
«Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze chemicals. It was initially discovered in the early 1900’s by chemist Mikhail Tsvett who was researching chlorophyll to separate plant pigments.1 The components undergoing separation are...» Document abstract
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Language : english
physics & chemistry
case study
date published
20/11/2007
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SummaryChromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze chemicals. It was initially discovered in the early 1900’s by chemist Mikhail Tsvett who was researching chlorophyll to separate plant pigments.1 The components undergoing separation are divided into two phases, a stationary phase, and a mobile phase. The stationary phase does not move while the mobile phase, which includes the sample, passes through the stationary phase. Different chemicals are impeded at different rates through the stationary phase based on individual properties which make them unique.2
Table of Contents- Once the mobile phase has passed completely through the stationary phase and the molecules have hopefully been separated they enter a detector which senses individual components.
- To begin the experiment we constructed our own homemade, small-scale gas chromatograph using a glass column, Tide, clothespins, polyester fiber, copper coil, and latex tubing.
- Using a commercial gas chromatograph and the same halocarbons, Freon 22 and Freon 123, we were able to calculate the concentrations of each halocarbon and analyze them to compare our findings to our homemade gas chromatograph.
- For each halocarbon the green-blue flame appeared, intensified, and disappeared as portrayed in Figure 1.
- The computer calculated the retention times from an unknown concentration mixture of Freon 22 and Freon 123 after being run through the commercial gas chromatograph.
- The hypothesis I made prior to the experiment held true. Freon 22 had a shorter retention time than Freon 123 in both the homemade and commercial gas chromatographs.
- There was a positive correlation between both boiling point and molecular weight and the retention time.
- By using the commercial gas chromatograph we were able to calculate quantitative information by creating a plot using calibration data and comparing our area under the curve to the determined areas on the graph.
- By using the commercial gas chromatograph we were able to calculate quantitative information by creating a plot using calibration data and comparing our area under the curve to the determined areas on the graph.
An Assessment of Historical and Contemporary Land Use at Hedgehog Mountain, Freeport, Maine, via Field Observation
«The purpose of this investigation was to collect information that allowed the formulation of a hypothesis as to the land-use history of the Hedgehog Mountain preserve, and to correlate empirical observations with a limited literature review in an...» Document abstract
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Language : english
biology
case study
date published
26/11/2007
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SummaryThe purpose of this investigation was to collect information that allowed the formulation of a hypothesis as to the land-use history of the Hedgehog Mountain preserve, and to correlate empirical observations with a limited literature review in an attempt to validate the hypothesis presented.
The author hypothesizes that this land was used primarily for grazing livestock and timber extraction until the homestead was abandoned, after which timber harvesting may have continued for a number of decades. Except for motorized recreational vehicle use the land is presumed to have been free of major human disturbance for the past fifty years or more.
The author hypothesizes that this land was used primarily for grazing livestock and timber extraction until the homestead was abandoned, after which timber harvesting may have continued for a number of decades. Except for motorized recreational vehicle use the land is presumed to have been free of major human disturbance for the past fifty years or more.
Table of Contents- INTRODUCTION:
- METHODS:
- RESULTS:
- Hydrology:
- Disturbance History:
- DISCUSSION:
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