Les causes du démantèlement de la Yougoslavie

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7 pages word

anglais

sciences politiques

exposé

publié le 18/07/2008

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Résumé

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Yugoslavia was created in 1917 by Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the World War I context. It was later joined in 1929 by Voivodina, Montenegro and Bosnia. It has experienced wars and changes of political regimes, being first a monarchy and turning to communism after the Second World War under the influence of Tito. In fact it became the Federation of Yugoslavia in 1945, a multinational country whose population had had very different experiences throughout history. In 1989, Yugoslavia was a federal state, composed of six republics, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Slovenia, and of two autonomous provinces, Voivodina and Kosovo. However, ten years later, only two republics remained within the Federation, which was still in the process of further disintegration, since Montenegro was seeking greater autonomy and Serbia was losing control over Kosovo. The disintegration was the result of multiple and extremely violent conflicts between the different ethnic groups which composed the country. How can a country, even multinational, relatively peacefully function for more than forty years and then suddenly completely disintegrate in extreme violence? What elements can help us understand the outburst of a civil war? Theories about the dismemberment of Yugoslavia are numerous, sometimes competing. Scholars often refer to economic, political, international, cultural, nationalist or religious causes. But as Jovic highlights it, we need to take into account a cluster of factors to understand this process, and try to avoid relying on unicausal theories. The national question, i.e. ‘the relationship of a national or ethnic group to a state that includes multiple ethnic groups within its territory’ , is here of primary importance as this is the element which triggered the disintegration of the country along ethnic lines. However, there are multiple explanations which explain how the national question became salient in the 1980s in Yugoslavia, how nationalism has become a successful discourse, and how it was able to trigger an ethnic war leading to the dismemberment of the country. In a first part, we will focus on the nature of the multinational federation of Yugoslavia, and on the economic and political crisis which affected the country by the late 1970s and during the 1980s and which greatly destabilized the federation. We will then see how these crisis created a context which favoured the rise of nationalism, how this discourse acquired popular support and how it triggered the need for nations to live within their own borders, even at the cost of a bloody civil war. We will thus mostly focus on the years which leaded up to the declaration of independence of Slovenia and Croatia and to the war, which can be considered as the starting point of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, but we will also refer to more ancient history to understand the deep roots of the conflict.

Sommaire

A fragile multinational state
1. Ethnic, linguistic and religious mosaic: a multinational state
2. The economic crisis
3. An unstable and dividing political system
The rise of nationalism and the Yugoslav collapse
1. Nationalism as the alternative
2. The rise of nationalist leaders and the path to disintegration
3. From the elite to the population