« COGNITIVE SCIENCE The fields relevant to this overview are a part of the interdisciplinary studies of cognitive science, which includes anthropology, cognitive ...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe fields relevant to this overview are a part of the interdisciplinary studies of cognitive science, which includes anthropology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psycholinguistics, artificial intelligence and computational science, and neuroscience. Each of these disciplines provides an important and unique perspective on how to understand the human psyche. Biological, psychodynamic, and social psychiatry can find a common home and language within cognitive science. The common divisions of nature versus nurture and biology versus psychology disappear when the origins of mental processes are examined.
Table of Contents- The last ten years of the twentieth century, called the 'Decade of the Brain,' led to discoveries in the neurosciences that revealed a wide range of findings relevant to psychiatry.
- A generally accepted view of the mind is that it emanates from a portion of the activity of the brain.
- The neural net profile is the fundamental way in which mental processes are created.
- Information is contained within the brain by a process of representation.
- A third level of viewing information processing in the mind (C) is the conceptualization of forms of sensation, perception, attention, and memory.
- Early conceptualizations of attention were based on Donald Broadbent's idea of a filter that selects a limited amount of incoming stimuli to be further processed.
- Selective Attention One aspect of attention is that it focuses a metaphorical spotlight on external stimuli or internal mental representations.
- Optimal performance is attained with moderate levels of arousal that allow for the establishment of task goals and feedback from the performance of the task, leading to appropriate resource allocation.
- Forms of representations include sensory and perceptual ones that derive from input from the external world via the peripheral sensory nervous system.
- The neural networks of the brain are capable of responding to experience by the activation of particular patterns of distributed activation.
« formation and semantic analysis. Cognitive science views language as a dominant influence on subjective experience. It is the medium ...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe vast majority of mental processes are outside of conscious awareness. These processes can impact thinking, feeling, and behavior despite the lack of conscious awareness. Consciousness can be thought to include two elements: awareness and sentience, the quality of the experience. Each form of consciousness has intrigued philosophers and scientists for many years and various theories have been proposed to explain these phenomena. Little is known about the basic mechanisms that underlie the sentient experience of consciousness. Phenomenal awareness has been the focus of active research and has yielded some basic ideas about the role of consciousness in cognition. One essential issue is that the effective processing of mental representations does not require conscious awareness. However, the intentional, strategic alteration in patterns of processing may necessitate the involvement of consciousness in order to achieve a new outcome. Thus, consciousness is not required for most processes, but its involvement allows for a qualitatively different result in representational transformations. One example of this is in memory processing in which explicit memory requires focal, conscious attention or awareness in order to encode events into explicit form. Such representations are later available for conscious retrieval when they can be examined and transformed for intentional purposes, such as the recollection of facts or autobiographical knowledge.
Table of Contents- Based on a biological assessment of brain function, Gerald Edelman's theory describes two forms of consciousness that derive from the resonant interactions between groups of neurons.
- Misidentification syndromes are other examples of subjective, conscious experience disturbances.
- Many psychiatric disturbances may thus involve alterations in the experience of conscious awareness and sentience.
- Mental models are unconscious, highly organized structural processes that are derived from past experiences, that aid in interpreting present stimuli, and that influence the direction of future behavior.
- Thought, Language, and Cognition There is no universally accepted definition of thought.
- Psycholinguistics is a complex domain that focuses on the cognitive process of language formation and semantic analysis.
- Jerome Bruner has described the distinction between the earlier mode of thought, called narrative cognition, versus the later mode, which is the scientific, logical, paradigmatic mode.
- Discourse and Narrative Discourse is communication from one person to another; it is thought to involve a sense of intention or plan.
- Cognitive Development Developmental theories and research can be divided into several views.
- Psychiatric disturbances may be conceptualized as disturbances in self-organizational processes.
« a group of similar offenders that did not receive a cognitive-behavioral treatment Research designs Only those studies that used social science methods were ...» Document abstract
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social sciences
presentation
date published
04/06/2007
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SummaryCognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) are considered by psychologists to be one of the most efficient ways to change people’s behaviors by making them understand how their feelings and behaviors are caused by what they think. The objective of this review is to see whether or not cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in reducing recidivism for convicted offenders, by examining the available evidence in primary research studies. Cognitive behavioral therapies for offenders include programs such as Think for a Change, Reasoning and Rehabilitation or Moral Reconation Therapy, as well as all those programs that focus on the cognitive and emotional processes that lead a certain stimuli to elicit a particular behavioral response. As those programs can all be implemented at a relatively low cost, and intend to produce long-term beneficial changes in offenders’ behaviors, it seems extremely important to examine their effectiveness.
Table of Contents- Research question
- Eligibility criteria
- Research designs
- Search strategy
- Search engines
- Eligible Research findings
- Effect Size and Direction
- Conclusions: A Research Synthesis
- Implications for research and policy
The Gender Gap: A Brief Overview of the Theoretical Perspectives On Gender-Related Cognitive Differences
« of the Theoretical Perspectives On Gender-Related Cognitive Differences Timothy Aaron Priest In the fields of mathematics, engineering, and science a gender ...» Document abstract
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social sciences
term papers
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20/04/2007
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SummaryIn the fields of mathematics, engineering, and science a gender gap exists. Men still hold the vast majority of professional careers rooted in math and science in industrial countries. In the United States, for example, men account for more than three-quarters of all medical doctors, 90.3 percent of engineers, 75 percent of architects and 95 percent of computer technicians (U.S Department of Labor, 1999). In fact, 99 percent of all prestigious awards in mathematics during the 20th century went to men and 98 % of Nobel Prizes in science to men as well (Lips, 2000). How, as we move into the 21st century does one account for this striking disparity? Are there simply differences in intelligence (i.e. cognitive abilities) between men and women that can account for the fact that men by far outnumber women in professional careers rooted in math and science? Or, are other factors at work, such as psychological conditioning and cultural stereotyping that can explain the gender gap? The purpose of this paper is to briefly explore these questions.
Table of Contents- What the numbers show: Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) And Stanford-Binet IQ Measurement
- Sociobiologists and Evolutionary Theorists
- Physiology: Neurology and the Endocrine System
- The Brain
- Non-Scientific Factors at Work: the Anthropological, Sociological and Social Psychological Approach
- Closing remarks
« Treatment Options Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy : Based on Beck's theory that thoughts determine feelings, cognitive-behavioral therapy can help a person ...» Document abstract
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computer science
presentation
date published
27/06/2008
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SummaryIntroduction
Ever since the 1980s, PCs and access to the internet have been thriving in thousands of all over the world. Each day, transactions at work, activities inside homes and school work have rapidly become excessively dependent on the use of computers. As these PCs are utilized to organize data, word process documents, email transmissions and search for new information through the internet, nearly 15 million people use the internet each day and has been projected to increase by 25% every 3 months (Cooper 181-187). Though it is a valuable tool for communication, the internet has properties that encourage addictive behaviors and pseudo intimate relationships. Such cyberspace contacts can lead to cyber disorders like virtual relationships that can evolve into online marital infidelity or online sexually obsessive conduct. An increasing mental health concern, cyber disorders like Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), also known as Pathologic Internet Use (PIU) have been recognized to diagnose grave issues associated with internet usage (Young & Rogers 25-28). However, caution has been proffered by some experts and academics regarding phraseologies until more extensive study can be built up (Shaffer, Hall and Vander Bilt
Ever since the 1980s, PCs and access to the internet have been thriving in thousands of all over the world. Each day, transactions at work, activities inside homes and school work have rapidly become excessively dependent on the use of computers. As these PCs are utilized to organize data, word process documents, email transmissions and search for new information through the internet, nearly 15 million people use the internet each day and has been projected to increase by 25% every 3 months (Cooper 181-187). Though it is a valuable tool for communication, the internet has properties that encourage addictive behaviors and pseudo intimate relationships. Such cyberspace contacts can lead to cyber disorders like virtual relationships that can evolve into online marital infidelity or online sexually obsessive conduct. An increasing mental health concern, cyber disorders like Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), also known as Pathologic Internet Use (PIU) have been recognized to diagnose grave issues associated with internet usage (Young & Rogers 25-28). However, caution has been proffered by some experts and academics regarding phraseologies until more extensive study can be built up (Shaffer, Hall and Vander Bilt
Table of Contents- Introduction.
- Description.
- Symptoms / Effects.
- Assessments and Interventions.
- Treatment Options.
- Conclusion.
« human-level knowledge." Instead, Proverb uses standard computer science to comb root of the struggle is polysemy according to cognitive psychologist, George A ...» Document abstract
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9 word format
Language : english
linguistics
research papers
date published
04/12/2007
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SummaryWhen a person sits down to work on a crossword puzzle the thought probably does not cross their mind that they are calling on various forms of linguistic knowledge in solving the crossword clues. The majority of basic language knowledge and usage is an unconscious phenomenon. It has been said that people “take language for granted because it comes so quickly and automatically.” As a result of this unconscious nature of language people rarely give consideration to the actual linguistic process of how they answer the questions that crossword clues pose. However, to anyone who studies linguistics, it seems obvious that there is a connection between crossword puzzles and semantics.
« as the first formal therapeutic approach and later of the cognitive and behaviorist But, prior to the birth of the formal psychological science, how did ...» Document abstract
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psychology
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20/04/2007
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SummaryTaxonomical terms like depression, schizophrenia, neurosis, and psychosis, among many others, are today wielded with ease by doctors and are readily accepted by patients. While they are thought to be scientifically objective qualifications, a crucial examination of the social context of their use demonstrates something altogether different.
Table of Contents- The behavior of persons whose conduct differs from that of their fellows
- Before the coming of the "psychological age,"
- When ‘Disease' Became Equated with Sin
- The Leper, the Church and Society
- The Heretic
- The Temptation of St. Anthony
- Concluding Remarks
- Holders of a Supposed Universal Truth
« are to us is not a recent question to philosophy or research science. this philosophical question to a different level by examining the cognitive abilities of ...» Document abstract
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psychology
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11/12/2007
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SummaryWondering how similar animals are to ourselves is not a recent question to philosophy or research science. Pet owners are all aware of the mystery behind how it seems like a beloved cat or dog just “knows” when the day has been horrible. More recent research has taken this philosophical question to a different level by examining the cognitive abilities of a number of animals, and what drives some of their more intelligent behaviors. How animals communicate with one another, or how they seem to communicate with us in domestic situations, has been a hot topic for several decades. At the heart of this is studying animal language acquisition. Researchers have been trying to determine if any animal, particularly the great apes, are capable of understanding and using a human language system. Many studies have been undertaken to assess the language skills of common chimpanzees, the bonobo chimps, and several different skills of the gorillas.
« particularly those areas of the cerebral cortex devoted to higher cognitive functions. ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, editors: Principles of Neural Science, ed 3 ...» Document abstract
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Language : english
psychology
research papers
date published
13/11/2007
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SummaryThe human brain contains approximately 1011 nerve cells or neurons. In general, neurons are composed of four morphologically identified regions: (1) the cell body or soma, which contains the nucleus and can be considered the metabolic center of the neuron; (2) the dendrites, processes that arise from the cell body, branch extensively, and serve as the major recipient zones of input from other neurons; (3) the axon, a single process that arises from a specialized portion of the cell body (the axon hillock) and conveys information to other neurons; and (4) the axon terminals, fine branches near the end of the axon that form contacts (synapses) generally with the dendrites or the cell bodies of other neurons, release neurotransmitters, and thereby provide a mechanism for interneuronal communication.
Table of Contents- The majority of neurons in the human brain are considered to be multipolar in that they give rise to a single axon and several dendritic processes.
- In addition to neurons, the brain also contains several types of glial cells, which are at least ten times more numerous than the neurons.
- Other types of histological techniques, such as silver stains, selectively label the myelin coating of axons and, consequently, reveal the myeloarchitecture of the brain.
- Within the adult brain the connections among neurons or neural circuits follow several important principles of organization.
- Third, the connections among regions may be organized in a hierarchical or parallel fashion or both.
- The expansion and the differentiation of the human brain is associated with substantial differences in the organization of certain elements of neural circuitry.
- An additional limitation to the study of the human brain concerns the changes in morphology and biochemistry that can occur during the interval between the time of death and the freezing or fixation of brain specimens.
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