Nationalist Yearnings and the Modernization of China and Japan: The Importance of Economic Changes in Society to Revolution and Imperialism
«Western nations like Portugal or England did not simply encroach upon China’s territory in the name of some abstract imperialist ideal. They had strong economic interest in the area, especially in keeping the tea trade alive. When diplomacy failed...» Document abstract
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SummaryWestern nations like Portugal or England did not simply encroach upon China’s territory in the name of some abstract imperialist ideal. They had strong economic interest in the area, especially in keeping the tea trade alive. When diplomacy failed to win over the Chinese, military force was used to subdue them during the Opium War and Asia was rudely awakened to the power and political thought of the West. In China intellectuals blamed the country’s downfall on the foreign origins of the Qing and believed that nationalism would unite the people and inspire them to rise to the challenge of foreign might. But it wasn’t the Qing’s foreignness which allowed Westerners to take over the country, there was a deeper problem of corruption and financial backwardness which would needed to be dealt with. The Japanese had succeeded in rapidly modernizing by unifying their country under a national principle and creating a stable economy.
Table of Contents- From the beginning the discourse over modernization in China was focused on national pride and not on economic reform.
- The nationalists wanted modernization.
- Chinese defeats in the Opium War and the Boxer Rebellion.
- In 1880 the zaibatsu were created when the government began selling its monopolies as private enterprises.
- Yamagata Aritomo developed reforms - brought the lower classes up in touch with samurai ethics.
- The Japanese occupation of Manchuria.
«Following the Revolution, drastic measures needed to be taken to insure America’s survival and success if it was to truly become a rich and orderly nation after departure from British rule. The Articles of Confederation had been formulated and...» Document abstract
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SummaryFollowing the Revolution, drastic measures needed to be taken to insure America’s survival and success if it was to truly become a rich and orderly nation after departure from British rule. The Articles of Confederation had been formulated and processed, yet proved not wholly productive, efficient, or plausibly functional. They lacked certain key elements which were essential to the growth and maturity of a nation still in its infancy. Major dampers in its success lay foremost in its inability to provide Congress with stronger powers, most importantly, the provision to tax the states directly. At the first National Convention, respected government and social leaders joined together in an attempt to resolve the issues hindering America’s growth. What began as a call for discussion ultimately resulted in the drafting of the US Constitution, which would lay the foundation for the nation’s future, allow the “Hercules in the cradle” to finally take its first steps towards republic liberty, unification, and national power.
Table of Contents- The convention was abound with conflicting views and beliefs.
- Opposing this federalist reality were advocates of states' rights.
- The Great Compromise.
- The conflicting viewpoints between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
- The newly drafted constitution.
International Institutions and Trade Liberalization: What has been the role of international institutions in promoting trade liberalization, and how successful have they been?
«When we look at the issue of trade liberalization and we question which international institutions have promoted it, we must ask what exactly is an international institution. In the formal sense, they are seen as “an organization established by...» Document abstract
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21/05/2008
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SummaryWhen we look at the issue of trade liberalization and we question which international institutions have promoted it, we must ask what exactly is an international institution. In the formal sense, they are seen as “an organization established by multiple national governments, usually to administer a program or pursue a purpose that the governments have agreed upon.” (Deardoff, 2005) But in a more broad sense they can be understood as an organization or group with international ties or networks. If we were working with the former definition, we would include institutions such as the UN, IMF, GATT, G8 and OPEC. Working with the latter definition, however, we would have to include the aforementioned groups as well as supranational and regional organizations and areas, such as the European Common Market, NAFTA, and FTAOA as well as NGO’s, public pressure groups and TNC’s. For the purpose of this essay, I will use the category of ‘international institutions’ to characterize the first grouping of organizations, relying on Deardoff’s definition and thus including the UN, IMF, GATT, G8, OPEC and so forth.
Table of Contents- There are many international institutions and organizations that play a role in shaping and influencing international trade.
- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
- The IMF describes itself as ‘an organization of 184 countries.
- Much controversy surrounds the free trade debate due to an uneven distribution of advantages and gains.
- The view on international institutions and organizations and their role in trade.
«Asking ‘how globalized’ a city is quite a loaded question; to determine or quantify the degree of globalization within a city is quite a arduous task. Globalization isn’t measurable in neat increments; it isn’t a static characteristic nor does it...» Document abstract
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19/05/2008
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SummaryAsking ‘how globalized’ a city is quite a loaded question; to determine or quantify the degree of globalization within a city is quite a arduous task. Globalization isn’t measurable in neat increments; it isn’t a static characteristic nor does it comprise static components. Diverse cities possess different degrees of globalization, and the attempt to quantify these levels seems highly problematic. This situation additionally becomes even more tricky when we consider the word globalization- not only is it quite difficult to measure, but furthermore, what is it we are measuring? There are a wealth of diverse explanations, definitions and assessments of globalization as different theorists aim to provide their conceptualizations of the varied ways in which a city can become globalized. Some theorists emphasise the economic, while others stress the cultural and still others gage globalization geographically or according to the level of international interconnectedness with the western world.
Table of Contents- Urbanization in itself in the third world has been a wholly uneven process.
- Within the developing world, the poor cities often morph into vibrant hubs of global economic and cultural activity.
- Cultural Globalization.
- One complex example of cultural globalization is the case of India.
- Globalization between India and the West is not limited simply to the dissemination of culture.
- Scholte offers a view from both sides of the homogenization versus heterogenization argument.
- Cities are at the heart of global economic integration.
- Another example of the consequences of extreme economic globalization exists in Asia.
- Comparing Globalization Regionally.
«Latin America is one of the most troubled and interesting areas of the world. It has constantly been plagued by political, economic, and social hardships. For years outsiders have looked at Latin America and pondered why this region has not...» Document abstract
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24/04/2008
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SummaryLatin America is one of the most troubled and interesting areas of the world. It has constantly been plagued by political, economic, and social hardships. For years outsiders have looked at Latin America and pondered why this region has not developed “normally”; in other words, like the more democratic, more prosperous countries of Western Europe and North America. Answers often come in the form of biased interpretations, contributing differences to factors such as ethnicity, temperament, and skin color1. However, the most widely accepted theory today for Latin America’s very different development, the dependencia theory, is in reality an explanation for the issue that will be addressed in this paper. Argentina and Brazil are two nations that have had to deal with economic dependency, a problem that has affected political and social life as well. These countries both tried to combat this problem after World War II to varying degrees of success in the continuous struggle of Latin American states to hold their own in the global stage.
Table of Contents- The Nature of the Problem, its Causes, and its Effects on Society.
- Actions Taken to Resolve the Problem (Specific Policy Adopted).
- To get a more specific idea of ISI.
- Results and Effectiveness of the Policy Chosen.
- Personal Suggestions About How the Situation Could Have Been Improved.
«According to Weber, industrial capitalism emerged in the west though the convergence of a number of key factors. Capitalism itself had existed in areas of the world prior to the west and had even shared some of the same key factors. For instance,...» Document abstract
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book review
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23/04/2008
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SummaryAccording to Weber, industrial capitalism emerged in the west though the convergence of a number of key factors. Capitalism itself had existed in areas of the world prior to the west and had even shared some of the same key factors. For instance, capitalist enterprises were found to have developed in places like China, and Egypt yet they failed to become perpetual and broke down into a series of smaller enterprises. One could argue that they lacked the union of Weber’s proposed factors, as well as a social carries to guide the required moral framework on a grand scale. According to Weber the main factors which gave rise to industrial capitalism in the west were the convergence of accounting practices, separation of the home from work, formally free wage labor, predictable law, and distinctive social carriers.
Table of Contents- Advanced mathematical systems existed in places such as India prior to industrial capitalism.
- According to Weber important influential factors conductive to change are carried by prominent individuals and organizations within societies.
- The moral beliefs and life practices of protestant asceticism played a crucial role in the development of modern capitalism.
- Although Pietism and Calvinism were similar in many ways they did in fact share one distinct difference.
- The baptizing sects and churches of Protestantism also several similarities and differences with Calvinism.
- Weber argues that people in modern capitalism society are forced to adopt the same ideals held by the Puritans.
- Marx believed that just as one cannot judge someone of what they think of themselves, you cannot judge a period of transformation by its consciousness.
«When one examines the historic past of Ireland it is evident that this once colonial appendage of Brittan has had its fair share of despair. Within just over a hundred years Ireland as a whole has suffered through numerous crises including two...» Document abstract
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SummaryWhen one examines the historic past of Ireland it is evident that this once colonial appendage of Brittan has had its fair share of despair. Within just over a hundred years Ireland as a whole has suffered through numerous crises including two famines, oil crisis, religious conflict and economic wars. However, in the late 1990’s Ireland’s fortune appeared to make a drastic turn toward prosperity. After the tariff walls put up by De’ Valera’s economic protectionalism were torn down, Ireland became a magnet for foreign investment. This influx of foreign investment not only eradicated Ireland’s immense amount of debt, but it allowed it’s economy to grow to be one of the most powerful in the modern western world. This economic phenomenon came to be known as “The Celtic Tiger” as the rapid expansion of Ireland’s economy brought growth rates similar to the so-called “Tiger” economies previously found in Asian countries.
Table of Contents- Examining De Valera's Ireland.
- The Emergence of the 'Celtic Tiger?.
- Societal Ramifications of the Celtic Tiger.
- Articles in Support of the Celtic Tiger.
«“Education is not a preparation for the future, it is the future itself,” Read my bold shopping bag from the University Store. It was the first week of school, and nearly every fresh student was proudly sporting one of these bags, oblivious to the...» Document abstract
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Summary“Education is not a preparation for the future, it is the future itself,” Read my bold shopping bag from the University Store. It was the first week of school, and nearly every fresh student was proudly sporting one of these bags, oblivious to the notion that their education is subjected to the same economic forces as the store they had just visited. The modernist perspective, which the majority of universities have been founded upon, maintains that language, reason, and the scientific method are the foremost mechanism for arriving at the truth (Delluchi 2002). As tuition increases however, students regard education less as an opportunity for personal growth via the acquisition of reason, and more often as a financial investment, which they expect to be returned with interest. As Barry Schwartz argues in “The Debasing of Education,” thinking about education economically encourages students to view it instrumentally, thus shifting the student-teacher relationship to that of a customer.
key words- student cusomers, laissez faire
key words- student cusomers, laissez faire
Table of Contents- Consumerism culture enabled the counterculture search for pleasure to evolve.
- Universities have succumbed to the market's demands - Grades have softened.
- The true effects of these changes however, can be observed in classrooms.
- Student consumerism, an attitude that treats the university as a place to meet pre-established needs.
- Education is regarded as a precious common resource such as the environment.
«As a complex network of intricate biological systems, the human body is indeed quite an intriguing aspect of nature. The origin of this elaborate design is an area of hot debate; however, as of late, increasing support has been given to...» Document abstract
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09/04/2008
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SummaryAs a complex network of intricate biological systems, the human body is indeed quite an intriguing aspect of nature. The origin of this elaborate design is an area of hot debate; however, as of late, increasing support has been given to biological-evolutionary theory. According to this theory, it is understood that with the passage of vast amounts of time, humanity and its predecessors have undergone a multitude of adaptations to better survive and proliferate themselves throughout the world. The human organism is clearly as efficient as it is elaborate; it is most certainly a testament to the hundreds upon thousands of years predating its existence. Even so, as alluring as the human body may be, the evolution of humanity has not been entirely biological in nature. Perhaps a consequence of this biological evolution, humanity has developed a very powerful tool to ensure the survival its species: Society. Described by Aristotle as “social animals,” humans are notorious for organizing themselves into groups to better overcome their environment and to meet their needs. In effect, over many thousand years, humanity’s greatest invention has proven to be as organic and adaptive as its creator. Society, like the human, has also undergone great changes and adaptations through selective forces and the innovations of its constituents. Perhaps the most well documented and best known instances of societal evolution at work can be seen in the Industrial Revolution. While, historically, societal changes have taken many thousand years to progress, the Industrial Revolution was relatively quick and, as a result, quite interesting.
Table of Contents- An attempt to organize the evolution of human societies.
- It must first be noted that society itself is not a mere gathering of social units.
- Agrarian societies were largely state based.
- Innovation, one of the leading forces promoting change in any given society.
- Industrializing societies created changes in other aspects of social structure.
- Change in one area of social structure has far reaching effects upon other areas of social structure.
«A question that has plagued economists, social scientists and political scientists for the last several years is solution to the staggering debt in underdeveloped countries. Depending on their background they will argue the need for greater...» Document abstract
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08/04/2008
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SummaryA question that has plagued economists, social scientists and political scientists for the last several years is solution to the staggering debt in underdeveloped countries. Depending on their background they will argue the need for greater institutions, the removal of corrupt governments, or even just time for development to occur. The question faced by Denise Froning and Romilly Greenhill was “Will Debt Relief Address the Needs of Highly Indebted Countries?” Both of these essayists from different backgrounds approached the question with a solution in mind, both answers are varying but both are to be respected in their own sense.
Table of Contents- Romilly Greenhill argues that debt relief is the only resolution to the problem that is present today in HIPCs.
- Poor countries are being put in a situation where they have been forced to undercut local markets.
- Greenhill concludes her argument by stating that helping these countries towards a brighter future is not charity but a moral imperative.
- After analyzing both debates there is clear line that both scholars see differently on how to approach the problem.
- Her larger outlook on the problem at hand provides a more realistic and educational solution.
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