«Fifteen years ago, the Soviet Union was a socialist authoritative country, tightly isolated from
capitalist countries. Nowadays, its direct heir, Russia, is one of the most quickly growing markets of
the world, strongly open on the global...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
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19/02/2007
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SummaryFifteen years ago, the Soviet Union was a socialist authoritative country, tightly isolated from
capitalist countries. Nowadays, its direct heir, Russia, is one of the most quickly growing markets of
the world, strongly open on the global economy.
During the 1990s, Russia underwent an extraordinary transformation from a communist dictatorship to a multi-party democracy, from a centrally planned system to a market economy, and from a belligerent enemy of the West to a cooperative partner. This change was as unexpected as exceptional: two decades ago, only an idealist would have imagined the “evil empire” to transform so quickly and peacefully into a democratic and capitalist ally of the West.
The unprecedented nature of this switch raises the question of the role of globalisation in Russian
transition to market economy. The process of globalisation can be understood as the interplay of
technological, economic, and political changes, leading to new patterns of trade and investment in the
world. As the British-born sociologist Michael Mann puts it, “the term of ‘globalisation’ refers to the
extension of social and economic relations over the globe”. The whole planet becomes embroiled in a
single set of social and economic relations.
How globalisation fastened the transformation of Russian economic system? What have been the
consequences of this process? What relationship has Russia today with global economy? These are the
main issues of this study.
After sixty years of self-sustaining socialism, the Russian entry to this global phenomenon was doubtlessly difficult. The post communist transition transformed not only the country’s economic and
political systems but also the state-society articulation at large. If the disappointing economic results of the first decade of transformation are often understood as results of Russia’s opening in the context of globalisation, it also seems that it is globalisation itself which enabled the Russian recent growth. Beyond this debate, the current Russian position as regards the global system has also raised to a major issue.
Table of Contents- From transition to crisis: the difficult adaptation to the global economy
- The evolution of Russian economy in the 1990s
- The 1998 financial crisis and the ambiguous role of the IMF: how globalisation failed in Russia
- Globalisation's costs
- The post-crisis growth : how globalisation is building Russian power
- Russia's economic transformation
- Moscow, the birth of a global city
- Russian success in the world economy
- Current Russian ambiguities as regards globalisation
- From WTO to Gazprom monopoly : Russia's contradictory globalization path
- Russian inclination to anti-globalisation populism
- The shadow of Russian globalisation fears
Les internautes ont également acheté «No one can deny the impact of technology as a source of competitive advantage for a firm. The introduction of a new technology or the development and the commercialization of a new product/ service are due to increase business benefits: it allows...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
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date published
22/02/2007
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level : Advanced
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Summary No one can deny the impact of technology as a source of competitive advantage for a firm. The introduction of a new technology or the development and the commercialization of a new product/ service are due to increase business benefits: it allows costs savings, improves the productivity and the efficiency of the organization. It also allows a better allocation of resources within the firm and this rationalization of the means of production benefits also the customers.
But technology is not simply a black box: the implementation and the management of technology within a company can fail. The implementation was defined by Swanson as “a decision-making activity that converts a design concept into an operating reality so as to provide value to the client”. Besides it is worth saying that implementation is an iterative process that has an impact on many aspects of the firm: the cultural and organizational aspects have to be taken into account as well as the technological issues. Thus the implementation‘s process is complex and uncertain; managers have to take up some challenges to successfully introduce a technology. This introduction supposes a mutual adaptation of the technology and the firm to develop a fully working system.
This paper is aimed at analysing the different factors that may impede the successful introduction and management of a technology. First the uncertainty and the complexity of the process will be dealt with. Then, in order to help managers when introducing a new technology, I will discuss some relevant keys to success.
But technology is not simply a black box: the implementation and the management of technology within a company can fail. The implementation was defined by Swanson as “a decision-making activity that converts a design concept into an operating reality so as to provide value to the client”. Besides it is worth saying that implementation is an iterative process that has an impact on many aspects of the firm: the cultural and organizational aspects have to be taken into account as well as the technological issues. Thus the implementation‘s process is complex and uncertain; managers have to take up some challenges to successfully introduce a technology. This introduction supposes a mutual adaptation of the technology and the firm to develop a fully working system.
This paper is aimed at analysing the different factors that may impede the successful introduction and management of a technology. First the uncertainty and the complexity of the process will be dealt with. Then, in order to help managers when introducing a new technology, I will discuss some relevant keys to success.
Table of Contents- The implementation of a technology is uncertain and complex
- The implementation is an expensive and uncertain process
- The introduction and the management of a technology is complex because it interacts with several elements
- The keys to introduce and manage a technology successfully
- The necessity to adopt an overall view of the technology: the use of frameworks
- The key role of managers
- The necessity to do a pilot in order to limit the learning costs
- The necessity to involve all the relevant stakeholders
«Predicting firms’ behaviour and reactions to events is central for recent microeconomics. Economists have indeed put forward many theories to analyse firms’ behaviour, main decisions of economic interest relate to outputs, investment, technology and...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
presentation
date published
28/02/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryPredicting firms’ behaviour and reactions to events is central for recent microeconomics. Economists have indeed put forward many theories to analyse firms’ behaviour, main decisions of economic interest relate to outputs, investment, technology and above all prices which is the object of this essay. Price can be defined by “the value of the goods or money that must be given up to acquire a good or service” or, more economically by the average revenue, which corresponds to the total revenue / total output. Generally, it corresponds to the intersection point of the demand and the offer curves. The aim of this essay is to analyse and critically discuss the main factors that determine product prices in the UK. I shall argue that prices depend certainly on firms’ objectives and market structure but more importantly on costs and firms’ strategies.
Table of Contents- Theoretical elements such as how firms' objectives determine price or why market structure influence firms' pricing
- In practice costs and firms' strategies are more crucial. Mark-up pricing, cost-plus theories and firms' marketing strategies notably concerning positioning of the product.
Les internautes ont également acheté The results of the “Lisbon agenda” – the attempt to make Europe the world’s most successful knowledge-based economy – are generally thought to have been disappointing. What steps should be taken by the European Union, and by national governments, to impro
«In March 2000, the Lisbon Strategy was launched to overcome a series of weaknesses in the European economy: long-term structural unemployment, a poor employment rate, and under-development of the service sector. In an often-quoted sentence, it has...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
presentation
date published
20/04/2007
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level : Expert
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SummaryIn March 2000, the Lisbon Strategy was launched to overcome a series of weaknesses in the European economy: long-term structural unemployment, a poor employment rate, and under-development of the service sector. In an often-quoted sentence, it has therefore assigned the EU “a new strategic goal for the next decade: to become the most competitive and most dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth, with more and better and greater social cohesion”. The mid-term results published five years after the launch reveal that the focus on knowledge is right but that the sense of urgency is lacking, leaving Europe lagging behind the objectives set and behind the benchmark model of the Unites States. Moreover, Europe is also loosing ground vis-à-vis other competitors such as China and India, which have been growing at substantially higher rates. The mid-term report also declares that the social and environmental aspects of the Lisbon Agenda were no longer a priority and that instead the strategy would be revised to focus on the economic context only.
Hence, in order to keep the Lisbon strategy alive, drastic changes are necessitated, which this paper aims at presenting. Due to the word limit, only major recommendations from the literature review on the future steps to adopt are offered here. However, due to the complexity of the European situation, the focus is wider than on the sheer economic context.
Hence, in order to keep the Lisbon strategy alive, drastic changes are necessitated, which this paper aims at presenting. Due to the word limit, only major recommendations from the literature review on the future steps to adopt are offered here. However, due to the complexity of the European situation, the focus is wider than on the sheer economic context.
Table of Contents- Ambitious goals set
- Structural changes
- The Lisbon strategy of 2000 sets the ambitious goal (among others) of achieving an Labour markets
- Education and research
- ICT sector
Discuss the shift away from the conglomerate form in the advanced industrial countries, and its persistence in most emerging markets performance?
«Western business strategies are often held as models for emerging countries. Despite General Electric being the largest worldwide conglomerate, such success stories have become rather rare nowadays in the United States and Europe, although this is...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
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date published
20/04/2007
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SummaryWestern business strategies are often held as models for emerging countries. Despite General Electric being the largest worldwide conglomerate, such success stories have become rather rare nowadays in the United States and Europe, although this is not true in Japan for cultural and historical reasons. For this reason, the dismantling of most conglomerates from the developed countries is for many a path to follow in the emerging markets. This belief was reinforced by the financial crisis in Asia and Latin American as multi-lateral financial institutions and consultants pressed for a closer convergence between first and third-world business models, to improve efficiency and productivity. The inefficiency resulting from the family-controlled enterprise model is another arguments used by proponents of this convergence.
Due to the word limit, this paper only aims at presenting the differences between developing and developed countries which could explain why conglomerates have disappeared from the former and are still persistent in the latter. Firstly, the very notion of Conglomerate and its characteristics will be analysed with the support of the literature review. In a second part, the paper will analyse the shift away from the conglomerate form in the industrialised countries, studying the case of the ITT Corporation, a conglomerate that is now only a shell of its past glory. Finally, the paper will evaluate the reasons that maintain into existence in the developing countries, based on an analysis of the Tata group.
Due to the word limit, this paper only aims at presenting the differences between developing and developed countries which could explain why conglomerates have disappeared from the former and are still persistent in the latter. Firstly, the very notion of Conglomerate and its characteristics will be analysed with the support of the literature review. In a second part, the paper will analyse the shift away from the conglomerate form in the industrialised countries, studying the case of the ITT Corporation, a conglomerate that is now only a shell of its past glory. Finally, the paper will evaluate the reasons that maintain into existence in the developing countries, based on an analysis of the Tata group.
Table of Contents- What is a conglomerate?
- From diversified to focus firms in industrial countries
- Persistence in most emerging markets
«According to common perception among economists, the idea of institutional economics
started with Ronald Coarse's article, “The Nature of the Firm” (1937) where the concepts of
transaction costs and economic analysis were first introduced (Coarse,...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
research papers
date published
07/02/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryAccording to common perception among economists, the idea of institutional economics
started with Ronald Coarse's article, “The Nature of the Firm” (1937) where the concepts of
transaction costs and economic analysis were first introduced (Coarse, 1998, p. 71). Since then,
the field of New Institutional Economics (NIE) has come a long way and attracted more and
more prominent economists such as Oliver Williamson, Douglas North, Harold Demsetz, and
Steven Cheung as well an extensive array of representatives of various other social sciences such
as law, political science, sociology and anthropology. The need for a “new” way of thinking
about economics is what Oliver Williamson expressed by coining the phrase “new institutional
economics” in an attempt to distinguish the subject from “old institutional economics”. The latter,
as Coarse states was “anti-theoretical” and without a theoretical background to explain facts, the
economists belonging to the “old” school of institutional economics were unable to bring the field
to the forefront of economic analysis (1998, p. 72). Hence, important conclusions about the role
of institutions, their origins, development and functioning, were slow to enter mainstream
economics, which according to the proponents of NIE, has a general disregard for the working of
real economies but rather focuses on the hypothetical situations (Coarse, 1998, p. 72). The real
world, is what economists should base their theories on, say NIE economists, as the complex
development of institutions with their underlying cultural and social specifics, are fundamental to
the understanding of global economic differences and at the core of successful theories of
economic development.
«A problem that has been a matter of global worry for the last decade is the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank’s strangle hold on the growth and economic development of developing countries. The IMF and World Bank are supported by...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
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date published
08/04/2008
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SummaryA problem that has been a matter of global worry for the last decade is the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank’s strangle hold on the growth and economic development of developing countries. The IMF and World Bank are supported by developed countries and continue to be supported by them to this day. Only recently has a call for full debt forgiveness become a popular subject. The need for this debt forgiveness is supposed to provide these undeveloped countries with the opportunity to grow and become respectable members in the global village. Two articles that discuss this issue are Denise Froning’s “Will Debt Relief Really Help?” and Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman’s “The IMF Stumbles”. Denise Froning talks about the need for debt forgiveness and lack of support from developed countries. She also discusses a general plan on what is needed to solve the problem. Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman discuss the strangle hold the IMF has on the developing countries and the growing levels of protest in developing countries.
Table of Contents- Denise Froning believes that the highlight for debt relief from the IMF and World Bank has only taken temporarily spotlight.
- Froning's conclusion is a multi-step process in completing the puzzle that the undeveloped countries face.
- Denise Froning argues that the US government isn't doing enough.
- When addressing the issue of debt relief, there is always going to be an appeal.
«A question that has plagued economists, social scientists and political scientists for the last several years is solution to the staggering debt in underdeveloped countries. Depending on their background they will argue the need for greater...» Document abstract
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economics
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SummaryA question that has plagued economists, social scientists and political scientists for the last several years is solution to the staggering debt in underdeveloped countries. Depending on their background they will argue the need for greater institutions, the removal of corrupt governments, or even just time for development to occur. The question faced by Denise Froning and Romilly Greenhill was “Will Debt Relief Address the Needs of Highly Indebted Countries?” Both of these essayists from different backgrounds approached the question with a solution in mind, both answers are varying but both are to be respected in their own sense.
Table of Contents- Romilly Greenhill argues that debt relief is the only resolution to the problem that is present today in HIPCs.
- Poor countries are being put in a situation where they have been forced to undercut local markets.
- Greenhill concludes her argument by stating that helping these countries towards a brighter future is not charity but a moral imperative.
- After analyzing both debates there is clear line that both scholars see differently on how to approach the problem.
- Her larger outlook on the problem at hand provides a more realistic and educational solution.
«As a complex network of intricate biological systems, the human body is indeed quite an intriguing aspect of nature. The origin of this elaborate design is an area of hot debate; however, as of late, increasing support has been given to...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
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SummaryAs a complex network of intricate biological systems, the human body is indeed quite an intriguing aspect of nature. The origin of this elaborate design is an area of hot debate; however, as of late, increasing support has been given to biological-evolutionary theory. According to this theory, it is understood that with the passage of vast amounts of time, humanity and its predecessors have undergone a multitude of adaptations to better survive and proliferate themselves throughout the world. The human organism is clearly as efficient as it is elaborate; it is most certainly a testament to the hundreds upon thousands of years predating its existence. Even so, as alluring as the human body may be, the evolution of humanity has not been entirely biological in nature. Perhaps a consequence of this biological evolution, humanity has developed a very powerful tool to ensure the survival its species: Society. Described by Aristotle as “social animals,” humans are notorious for organizing themselves into groups to better overcome their environment and to meet their needs. In effect, over many thousand years, humanity’s greatest invention has proven to be as organic and adaptive as its creator. Society, like the human, has also undergone great changes and adaptations through selective forces and the innovations of its constituents. Perhaps the most well documented and best known instances of societal evolution at work can be seen in the Industrial Revolution. While, historically, societal changes have taken many thousand years to progress, the Industrial Revolution was relatively quick and, as a result, quite interesting.
Table of Contents- An attempt to organize the evolution of human societies.
- It must first be noted that society itself is not a mere gathering of social units.
- Agrarian societies were largely state based.
- Innovation, one of the leading forces promoting change in any given society.
- Industrializing societies created changes in other aspects of social structure.
- Change in one area of social structure has far reaching effects upon other areas of social structure.
«“Education is not a preparation for the future, it is the future itself,” Read my bold shopping bag from the University Store. It was the first week of school, and nearly every fresh student was proudly sporting one of these bags, oblivious to the...» Document abstract
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Language : english
economics
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Summary“Education is not a preparation for the future, it is the future itself,” Read my bold shopping bag from the University Store. It was the first week of school, and nearly every fresh student was proudly sporting one of these bags, oblivious to the notion that their education is subjected to the same economic forces as the store they had just visited. The modernist perspective, which the majority of universities have been founded upon, maintains that language, reason, and the scientific method are the foremost mechanism for arriving at the truth (Delluchi 2002). As tuition increases however, students regard education less as an opportunity for personal growth via the acquisition of reason, and more often as a financial investment, which they expect to be returned with interest. As Barry Schwartz argues in “The Debasing of Education,” thinking about education economically encourages students to view it instrumentally, thus shifting the student-teacher relationship to that of a customer.
key words- student cusomers, laissez faire
key words- student cusomers, laissez faire
Table of Contents- Consumerism culture enabled the counterculture search for pleasure to evolve.
- Universities have succumbed to the market's demands - Grades have softened.
- The true effects of these changes however, can be observed in classrooms.
- Student consumerism, an attitude that treats the university as a place to meet pre-established needs.
- Education is regarded as a precious common resource such as the environment.
knowledge network