«Education System in Need of Reform "We're living circles of unending strife as we strive to become all that we can possibly be"- Gisela Rodriquez-Montalvo New ...» Document abstract
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6 word format
Language : english
social sciences
presentation
date published
18/02/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 0 times
SummaryNew York City epitomizes superiority. Being one of the most renowned cities in the world, it is placed upon a pedestal. People travel here from across the globe for the cuisine, nightlife, and immense culture just to name a few. Another main attribute of the Big Apple is its vast diversity and integration, which is a topic that people who do not live here are greatly misinformed about. While it is true that many different nationalities and races inhabit this city, obvious segregation is still evident. The above quote is from a poem entitled “I Don’t Hear America Singing in the South Bronx,” in which Rodriquez-Montalyo writes about how hard it is to become successful coming from the South Bronx. She ends her poem by saying she is one of the few people who has had their voice heard growing up in such a racially segregated neighborhood. The heart of any problem can be found at its roots, so in the case of not becoming successful coming from a neighborhood such as the South Bronx, one can look at the flaws in the public education system. Children are growing up with a false sense of hope in certain neighborhoods, where only few prodigies make it out to be successful. Even though segregation has seemed to come to a legal end, this is not the case. In reality, children growing up in certain neighborhoods are not capable of affecting their own destiny and this segregation has an extreme negative impact on their lives.
« "Education Series Demeans Whole Generation of Youth." The Toronto keep up, then the schools need to provide older siblings had already been through the system. ...» Document abstract
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20 word format
Language : english
humanities/philosophy
school essay
date published
19/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 8 times
SummaryThe controversy surrounding self-fulfilling prophecies, while originally centered on proving their existence, has recently settled on the probability of such phenomenon occurring in a natural environment. While not directly cited in this resource guide, the original “Pygmalion Effect” experiment by Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson, while a success in its own self-absorbed goals, failed to make any connections outside of its own hypothesis. The Harvard professor and elementary school principal proved that teacher expectation can directly influence student achievement, but the experiment, conducted in a fixed environment, did not initially translate to the naturalistic world. The original teachers, the independent variables of the test, were told what to expect from their students, and although those students, a heterogeneous mixture of academic potentials, did in fact respond with positive correlation to the subsequent behaviors of their teachers, there was no guarantee that such cause and effect would occur in a literal classroom. In a series of experiments that followed in the decade after Rosenthal and Jacobson’s revolutionary yet flawed research, the naturalistic implications of the Pygmalion Effect were established, answering the question of whether or not teachers do make such drastic predictions, basing their expectations on first impressions and superficial observations and inadvertently fulfilling their own prophecies concerning their students.
Table of Contents- Most of the peer-reviewed journal articles concerning self-fulfilling prophecies acknowledge their existence, especially in the classroom.
- The other journal articles have taken the conclusions of Lee Jussim further.
- Teacher expectations and observations, as stated before, occur naturally.
- Popular media, for the most part, has focused on why such negative perceptions of adolescents exist in contemporary society.
- This image, as stated by Veronica Lacey in an issue of the Toronto Star, is 'that of a lost generation.
- The birth of MTV has definitely added a modern twist to the self-fulfilling prophecy.
- And not much can be expected from a 'lost generation.?
« very low taxes, or because they need the regular calculated based on the Russian System of Accounting. Kuldeep Shastri / Boston: Pearson Education/Addson Wesley ...» Document abstract
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23 word format
Language : english
finance
presentation
date published
11/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 32 times
SummaryDividend policy is one of the most important financial policies, not only form the viewpoint of the company, but also from that of the shareholders, the consumers, the workers, regulatory bodies and the Government. For a company, it is a pivotal policy around which other financial policies rotate. Value of the corporate securities depends to a great extent on dividend and, therefore, in deciding upon the financial structure of a company, dividend has to be assigned due consideration.
Once a company makes a profit, the board of directors must decide what to do with those profits. They could continue to retain the profits within the company, or they could pay out the profits to the owners of the firm in the form of dividends.
Once a company decides to pay dividends, there should be established a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which would impact on investors and perceptions of the company in the financial markets providing information concerning the firm’s performance. The choice of the appropriate dividend policy depends on the preferences of investors and potential investors as well as on the company’s capital structure and its future plans.
The board of directors holds a fiduciary position both with regard to the company as well as shareholders. The board of directors must combine the three decisions pertaining to investment, financing and dividends simultaneously as these three decisions are interrelated. Dividend policy decision influences the financing decision of the firm through retained earnings. Financing decision would relate to the amount of funds to be raised from external sources as the investment needs of a firm can be fulfilled by a combination of retained earnings and external financing. Therefore, higher the amount of retained earnings, given the investment needs, lower will be the need for external finance and vice-versa.
Once a company makes a profit, the board of directors must decide what to do with those profits. They could continue to retain the profits within the company, or they could pay out the profits to the owners of the firm in the form of dividends.
Once a company decides to pay dividends, there should be established a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which would impact on investors and perceptions of the company in the financial markets providing information concerning the firm’s performance. The choice of the appropriate dividend policy depends on the preferences of investors and potential investors as well as on the company’s capital structure and its future plans.
The board of directors holds a fiduciary position both with regard to the company as well as shareholders. The board of directors must combine the three decisions pertaining to investment, financing and dividends simultaneously as these three decisions are interrelated. Dividend policy decision influences the financing decision of the firm through retained earnings. Financing decision would relate to the amount of funds to be raised from external sources as the investment needs of a firm can be fulfilled by a combination of retained earnings and external financing. Therefore, higher the amount of retained earnings, given the investment needs, lower will be the need for external finance and vice-versa.
Table of Contents- BACKGROUND ON DIVIDENDS & THREE BASIC THEORIES
- Background
- Irrelevance of Dividend Policy
- Tax Preference Theory
- The Bird-in-the-Hand Theory
- DIVIDEND POLICY IN PRACTICE
- Confusion of Empirical Tests & Factors That Influence Dividend Policy
- Setting a Dividend Policy
« 3.3 Driving factors for reform in pension supervision As guarantee the stability of the pension system in the economic and demographic causes for the need of a ...» Document abstract
$9.95
86 word format
Language : english
finance
presentation
date published
27/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 34 times
SummaryPension funds serve to collect and manage an amount of capital, sufficient to make all payments to which participants of the fund are entitled based on the pension plan. The Akzo Nobel Pension Fund
(APF) is responsible for the provision of pensions for all employees of Akzo Nobel in the
Netherlands. It is the task of the Pensions and Insurance Supervisory Authority (PVK) to provide
rules and regulations which guarantee that pension funds are able to fulfill their pension promises. In response to economic and demographic changes in the environment in which pension funds operate,
the PVK drafted a new Financial Assessment Framework (FTK) that is meant to become effective as
of January 1st 2006.
Essential in the new FTK is the fact that the pension liability resulting from a defined benefit pension plan has to be calculated using market value interest yields as discount rates as opposed to the
current practice which uses a fixed rate for discounting pension liabilities. The new FTK increases
the risk exposure of pension funds, since the value of the liabilities will depend on volatile interest rates. As a result, the volatility of the funding ratio of the pension fund will also increase compared
to the current situation in which the liability value is not influenced by changes in market interest rates. This thesis aims to analyze the impact of the new valuation method of liabilities on the asset allocation of the APF.
(APF) is responsible for the provision of pensions for all employees of Akzo Nobel in the
Netherlands. It is the task of the Pensions and Insurance Supervisory Authority (PVK) to provide
rules and regulations which guarantee that pension funds are able to fulfill their pension promises. In response to economic and demographic changes in the environment in which pension funds operate,
the PVK drafted a new Financial Assessment Framework (FTK) that is meant to become effective as
of January 1st 2006.
Essential in the new FTK is the fact that the pension liability resulting from a defined benefit pension plan has to be calculated using market value interest yields as discount rates as opposed to the
current practice which uses a fixed rate for discounting pension liabilities. The new FTK increases
the risk exposure of pension funds, since the value of the liabilities will depend on volatile interest rates. As a result, the volatility of the funding ratio of the pension fund will also increase compared
to the current situation in which the liability value is not influenced by changes in market interest rates. This thesis aims to analyze the impact of the new valuation method of liabilities on the asset allocation of the APF.
Table of Contents- A pension fund in relation with akzo nobel
- Akzo Nobel
- Pension Plans
- Akzo Nobel Pension Fund
- Changing the valuation of pension plans
- The Pensions and Insurance Supervisory Authority
- Driving factors for reform in pension supervision
- New Financial Assessment Framework (FTK)
- Estimating the liabilities of the akzo nobel pension fund
- Considerations in estimating the present value of pension fund liabilities
- Estimating liabilities in practice
- The market value of pension liabilities
- Implications of market valuation on the asset mix
- Development of the funding ratio
- Simulation results
- Fair value compared to actuarial valuation
- Approaches to a stable funding ratio
- Increasing the level of fixed income securities in asset allocation
- Increasing the duration of the fixed income portfolio
- Cash flow matching
- Conditional indexation
- Portfolio composition
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