«Symptoms of Heart Failure. DYSPNEA. The common symptoms of heart failure are well known but are frequently absent and variably specific for this condition. ...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryThe common symptoms of heart failure are well known but are frequently absent and variably specific for this condition. The symptoms generally reflect, but may be dissociated from, the hemodynamic derangements of elevated left-sided and right-sided pressures and impaired cardiac output or cardiac output reserve.
Dyspnea, or perceived shortness of breath, is the most common symptom of patients with heart failure. In most patients, dyspnea is present only with activity or exertion. The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial. The most important is pulmonary congestion with increased interstitial or intra-alveolar fluid, which activates juxtacapillary J receptors, which stimulate a rapid and shallow pattern of breathing. Increased lung stiffness may enhance the work of breathing, leading to a perception of dyspnea.
Table of Contents- Symptoms of Heart Failure
- DYSPNEA
- ORTHOPNEA AND PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA
- ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
- EXERCISE INTOLERANCE
- EDEMA AND FLUID RETENTION (ASCITES, PLEURAL EFFUSION, PERICARDIAL EFFUSION)
- ABDOMINAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
- SLEEP DISORDERS AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- CARDIAC CACHEXIA
- Diagnosis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Conclusions
« effects should be discontinued or minimized whenever possible. Laboratory evaluation must be tailored to the individual such as in a febrile delirious patient. ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
medical studies
research papers
date published
26/11/2007
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level : Advanced
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SummaryDelirium, a clinical syndrome characterized as an acute disorder of attention and cognitive function, is the most frequent complication of hospitalization for elders and a potentially devastating problem. Delirium often is unrecognized despite sensitive methods for its detection, and its complications may be preventable.
Table of Contents- Definitions
- Etiology
- Incidence and Prevalence
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Evaluation
« approach to the patient requiring craniotomy to obtain an appropriate baseline neurologic evaluation. intracranial hypertension and possible interactions with ...» Document abstract
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10 word format
Language : english
medical studies
case study
date published
09/06/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryUndoubtedly, the brain is an essential organ of the human body. Without this vital organ, senses such sight, hearing, tasting, smelling and feeling cannot be put to use. The brain controls everything in the human body 1 and is considered a complex structure. It is a mass of nervous tissue assembled together, weighing three pounds with more than ten billion cells present in it. The brain is able to receive impulses from various structures of the body. The brain is given the function of examining the received impulses and making the necessary adjustments or movements for that particular event. The brain is termed as man’s consciousness, memory, reasoning and intelligence. The idea that emotions are controlled by the heart is a misnomer. The emotions felt by humans are still controlled by the brain 2.
The human brain is synonymous to an electrical company wherein million of wires are needed to make the transfer of impulses smoothly and if one wire is not functioning accordingly, it will have an effect on the whole system. Similar with the brain, millions of nerves are present and function properly to guarantee smooth transmission of impulses. If a part of the brain has been affected or if a nerve was damaged along the process, it can affect the proper functioning of the brain.
The human brain is synonymous to an electrical company wherein million of wires are needed to make the transfer of impulses smoothly and if one wire is not functioning accordingly, it will have an effect on the whole system. Similar with the brain, millions of nerves are present and function properly to guarantee smooth transmission of impulses. If a part of the brain has been affected or if a nerve was damaged along the process, it can affect the proper functioning of the brain.
Table of Contents- The Rationale Behind Awake Craniotomy
- Utility of Awake Craniotomy
- Anesthesia
- New Anesthetic Agents
- Desflurane
- Sevoflurane
- Remifentanil
- Monitoring
- New Procedures
- Stereotactic Biopsy/ Craniotomy
- Kinds of Anesthetics
- Anesthetic Techniques
- Local Anesthesia
- Intravenous Agents
- The general procedure for craniotomy includes...
- Steroid Medication
- Anticonvulsant Therapy
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