heart failure syndrome

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36 slides .ppt

Language : english

medical studies

presentation

date published

31/07/2007

review : not yet assessed

level : General public

requested 5 times

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Summary

Chronic heart failure is a multifaceted syndrome with diverse presentations. The initial manifestations of hemodynamic dysfunction are a reduction in stroke volume and a rise in ventricular filling pressures, perhaps in the basal state but consistently under conditions of increased systemic demand for blood flow. These changes have downstream effects on cardiovascular reflexes and systemic organ perfusion and function, which in turn stimulate a variety of interdependent compensatory responses involving the cardiovascular system, neurohormonal systems, and alterations in renal physiology.

Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally elevated diastolic pressures or volumes. Heart failure may occur as a result of impaired myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction, characterized as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction); increased ventricular stiffness or impaired myocardial relaxation (diastolic dysfunction, which often is associated with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction).

Acute heart failure usually presents as shortness of breath, culminating, sometimes in a matter of minutes, with pulmonary edema. A more subacute presentation is of progressive dyspnea associated with systemic fluid retention over days to a few weeks. The precipitous form usually suggests extensive acute damage, most commonly as an ongoing or recent MI. Other insults include the acute development of valvular regurgitation from ruptured chordae tendineae, bacterial endocarditis, or aortic dissection or of rapidly progressive myocarditis or toxic damage. The syndrome may progress to cardiogenic shock.

Delirium, a clinical syndrome characterized as an acute disorder of attention and cognitive function, is the most frequent complication of hospitalization for elders and a potentially devastating problem. Delirium often is unrecognized despite sensitive methods for its detection, and its complications may be preventable.

A pregnant woman is at risk of many health problems especially because she is actually having two lives to take care of, herself and the unborn child inside her. This is the reason that a woman should be extra careful in all the activities she engage in, in order to protect both herself and the baby. However, at times, a woman can be very careless an irresponsible of her body that she still resort to vices such as drinking alcoholic beverages even if by conventional wisdom, she should know that this may be harmful not just to herself but more to her child. As a result of the mother’s irresponsibility, it is the child who bears the greatest weight. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) “is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can result when a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy” (National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [NOFAS], 2004).

A human being can be defined as a living thing that has, or can develop, the ability to act or function independently. In the simplest terms possible, it is the state of existing. How do we judge the value of human life? What makes one life more precious than another? There is great controversy concerning the fetus, a term used to describe a developing baby from the ninth week of development to birth, and whether or not it should have rights and be considered a human being. Of course, the fetus is dependant on its mother for the approximate nine months that it seeks shelter from her. However, according to the previously stated definition, the fact that the fetus is in the process of developing means to function independently, it is obvious that the fetus should be deemed a human being. Another point worth noting is the fact that a human being that exists outside of a mother’s body has a brain to control its body function, and a heart to pump its blood. Although a fetus is constantly changing and maturing, and these organs may not be developed to the point at which they can function on their own, a fetus contains the same elements, and thus should not be disregarded as a human being.

Background
1. There is great controversy concerning the fetus, a term used to describe a developing baby from the ninth week of development to birth
Position
1. There are not many cases assessed in which the child that is being abused is a fetus
2. Although this is true, the mother has a responsibility to her child, whether the child exists in the real world, or inside of its mother's womb
Child Abuse and the Use of Alcohol and Tobacco
1. Extreme use of alcohol can also irritate certain medical conditions that already exist within the body, such as diabetes
2. There are also many internal defects which occur as a result of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
3. Women who smoke during pregnancy are putting their fetus at risk for abnormalities
Child Abuse and the Use of Illegal Substances
1. xcessive use of cannabis, more commonly known as marijuana, can lead to chronic bronchitis, memory loss, and poor lung functioning
2. Using cocaine during pregnancy negatively influences the fetus more severely than marijuana
Conclusion

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