«In 1976 lethal injection became a legally sanctioned method of execution and was quickly adopted by the majority of states. In the thirty years since its implementation, lethal injection is still considered to be the most humane means of executing...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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19/02/2008
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SummaryIn 1976 lethal injection became a legally sanctioned method of execution and was quickly adopted by the majority of states. In the thirty years since its implementation, lethal injection is still considered to be the most humane means of executing a death row inmate and is the preferred method in 37 of the 38 states in which capital punishment is legal. While death by electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and the firing squad have remained legal, 901 death row inmates have been executed via lethal injection, as opposed to the 169 persons executed by one of the other legalized methods (Dieter, DPIC). Despite common conceptions of lethal injection as a calm, painless, and relatively peaceful procedure, several incidents prove otherwise as disputes rage concerning lethal injection as a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Because of the exceedingly high percentage of botched executions, lethal injection must be both reformed and regulated in every state with the help of doctors, nurses, and trained professionals to ensure that it is administered in a manner that does not result in cruel or unusual punishment.
A Comparative study of national and local anti-poverty campaigns in the urban centers of America during the 1960’s
«In his 1964 inaugural speech, President Lyndon Johnson first discussed his initiative to wage a “War on Poverty.” Throughout his administration, his domestic policy was centered on his commitment to the creation of a “Great Society,” which he...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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SummaryIn his 1964 inaugural speech, President Lyndon Johnson first discussed his initiative to wage a “War on Poverty.” Throughout his administration, his domestic policy was centered on his commitment to the creation of a “Great Society,” which he believed was attainable only through combating poverty and providing civil rights to disenfranchised black Americans. In a speech given at the University of Michigan in May of 1964, Johnson called upon all individuals to dedicate themselves to the eradication of poverty and injustice. He spoke broadly about the goals of the national government: by increasing federal spending for social welfare programs and by promoting opportunity through community action, Americans could begin to better society one city at a time.
At the same time, PAGE, Inc. (Progress and Action by Citizens Efforts), a private, nonprofit organization in St. Louis, was unveiling plans for community action and urban development in East St. Louis, perhaps the poorest and most dilapidated neighborhood located just east of the Mississippi River. Other such initiatives included the Community Renewal Program, a federally funded program that worked locally to research factors contributing to poverty in urban centers in America and sought to enact a set of criteria for effective means of improving city life. They too cited East St. Louis as an example of a city in need of community action and financial support. This paper offers a comparison of local efforts in East St. Louis with the wider aims of Johnson’s War on Poverty at the federal level to provide a deeper understanding of the complexity of poverty reform in the 1960’s and to examine the ways in which Americans sought the creation of a truly great society.
At the same time, PAGE, Inc. (Progress and Action by Citizens Efforts), a private, nonprofit organization in St. Louis, was unveiling plans for community action and urban development in East St. Louis, perhaps the poorest and most dilapidated neighborhood located just east of the Mississippi River. Other such initiatives included the Community Renewal Program, a federally funded program that worked locally to research factors contributing to poverty in urban centers in America and sought to enact a set of criteria for effective means of improving city life. They too cited East St. Louis as an example of a city in need of community action and financial support. This paper offers a comparison of local efforts in East St. Louis with the wider aims of Johnson’s War on Poverty at the federal level to provide a deeper understanding of the complexity of poverty reform in the 1960’s and to examine the ways in which Americans sought the creation of a truly great society.
«Amilcar Cabral lived as both an intellectual who derived theories of political economy and as an activist dedicated to the unification of a nationalist movement in Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea Bissau). This balance between theoretician and...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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SummaryAmilcar Cabral lived as both an intellectual who derived theories of political economy and as an activist dedicated to the unification of a nationalist movement in Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea Bissau). This balance between theoretician and activist in combination with his abilities as a leader to unite and inspire the rural peasantry accounted for his success in organizing the masses to fight for independence. Specifically, he applied analyses of African socialism and national liberation to Portuguese colonial practices and sought to liberate colonial subjects through an understanding of such principles, in addition to uniting them under a functional political party.
Until his assassination in January of 1973, Amilcar Cabral dedicated his life to the study of revolution. Throughout his career, particularly as the leader of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), he successfully launched a cohesive Nationalist movement against Portuguese rule and is consequently viewed as an architect of the revolution. His approach to uniting the masses was both pragmatic and meticulous: he appealed to individuals at a grass roots level – attracting attention on an emotional and rational level – and was consequently successful in exporting his philosophy as well as his call to action
Until his assassination in January of 1973, Amilcar Cabral dedicated his life to the study of revolution. Throughout his career, particularly as the leader of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), he successfully launched a cohesive Nationalist movement against Portuguese rule and is consequently viewed as an architect of the revolution. His approach to uniting the masses was both pragmatic and meticulous: he appealed to individuals at a grass roots level – attracting attention on an emotional and rational level – and was consequently successful in exporting his philosophy as well as his call to action
Disgrace, Desire, and Degradation: The Experience of Intrapersonal Reconciliation and Power Relations in Post Apartheid South Africa
«J.M. Coetzee uses the third person omniscient point of view to tell the story of the unraveling of David Lurie’s career and the proceeding time he spends with his daughter, Lucy, in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Through this...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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date published
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SummaryJ.M. Coetzee uses the third person omniscient point of view to tell the story of the unraveling of David Lurie’s career and the proceeding time he spends with his daughter, Lucy, in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Through this point of view, Coetzee creates a voice that is distant: he evokes extreme emotion in the reader through the complexity of his characters while nevertheless remaining ostensibly veiled in an objective and unyielding tone of voice. It is through this narration that Coetzee discloses the emotional angst and uncertainty that plague both David and Lucy at different points throughout the novel. Coetzee offers a comparison of the varying degrees to which David and Lucy are disgraced and endure shame. While their emotions are precipitated by opposing forces and manifest themselves differently, thus revealing the contrast in their cognitive makeups, they both experience a disgrace that is analogous to the infamy of apartheid and undergo significant, yet muddled internal transformations that mirror the complexity of post apartheid South Africa.
«In June of 1918, Eugene Victor Debs was arrested for a speech he gave in Canton, Ohio in which he criticized the United States government for its involvement in World War I. He publicly discouraged young men from enlisting in the armed forces and...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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SummaryIn June of 1918, Eugene Victor Debs was arrested for a speech he gave in Canton, Ohio in which he criticized the United States government for its involvement in World War I. He publicly discouraged young men from enlisting in the armed forces and was arrested for violating the Sedition Act of 1918. The Sedition Act, an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917, further restricted American citizens from speaking or publishing opinions that were disloyal, profane, or abusive toward the federal government (Tussey, 281).
Debs stood trial in the fall of 1918 and knowing he would undoubtedly be found guilty on at least one of the ten counts he faced, he used his trial as a public forum to promote his socialist ideals. According to biographer Ray Ginger, “The attorney’s realized that the best weapons available were the personality and philosophy of Eugene Debs” (363). On September 18, 1918, Debs addressed the court before receiving a prison sentence of ten years. His plea to socialism and contention that the Sedition Act violated the first amendment rests upon solid logical appeal. However, the political and social climate was such that his audience – which ranged from fellow Marxists packed into a tiny Cleveland court room to unsympathetic, capitalist Americans – remained unmoved by a logical appeal. Rather, it is his appeal to both ethos and pathos that allowed him to capture the attention of the American public.
Debs stood trial in the fall of 1918 and knowing he would undoubtedly be found guilty on at least one of the ten counts he faced, he used his trial as a public forum to promote his socialist ideals. According to biographer Ray Ginger, “The attorney’s realized that the best weapons available were the personality and philosophy of Eugene Debs” (363). On September 18, 1918, Debs addressed the court before receiving a prison sentence of ten years. His plea to socialism and contention that the Sedition Act violated the first amendment rests upon solid logical appeal. However, the political and social climate was such that his audience – which ranged from fellow Marxists packed into a tiny Cleveland court room to unsympathetic, capitalist Americans – remained unmoved by a logical appeal. Rather, it is his appeal to both ethos and pathos that allowed him to capture the attention of the American public.
«Long considered one of the most fascinating leaders of the 20th century, Mao Zedong has been noted as both a visionary as well as a cruel killer. Before his communist reign as the leader of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China was in a...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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date published
17/02/2008
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SummaryLong considered one of the most fascinating leaders of the 20th century, Mao Zedong has been noted as both a visionary as well as a cruel killer. Before his communist reign as the leader of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China was in a state of political and economical turmoil. Mao's policies were intended to correct the uneven distribution of wealth in the country and give a voice to the peasants, which he often identified with.
In 1920, Mao founded his first theory of violent revolution, which was inspired by the Russian revolution. He aimed to undermine the influence of imperialism and feudalism that was prevalent in china; he was quite disdainful toward the Chinese Nationalists who were preoccupied by economics rather than a cultural discourse. He believed that the proletariat would be the ones to seek a substantial change.
In 1920, Mao founded his first theory of violent revolution, which was inspired by the Russian revolution. He aimed to undermine the influence of imperialism and feudalism that was prevalent in china; he was quite disdainful toward the Chinese Nationalists who were preoccupied by economics rather than a cultural discourse. He believed that the proletariat would be the ones to seek a substantial change.
Morality in the Resistance: overview through "Your Name is Renee: Ruth Kapp Hartz’s Story as a Hidden Child in Nazi-Occupied France", by Stacy Cretzmeyer
«The 1940’s will forever remain a significant period in French history. It was during this time that World War II occurred and Germany managed to take over three-fifths of mainland France. The remaining land became known as Vichy France. With such a...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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date published
10/02/2008
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SummaryThe 1940’s will forever remain a significant period in French history. It was during this time that World War II occurred and Germany managed to take over three-fifths of mainland France. The remaining land became known as Vichy France. With such a strong a German presence and influence, even in Vichy France, all of France’s Jewish community was forced into hiding, to escape deportation and execution. The biography, Your Name is Renee: Ruth Kapp Hartz’s Story as a Hidden Child in Nazi-Occupied France, by Stacy Cretzmeyer, is the story of a Jewish family who escaped from occupied France to Vichy France and managed to hide and escape deportation for the duration of the war.
«A radical attempts to change parts of a society. A leader revolutionizes an entire country. Few people can be called “saviors” (Gluzman), but Vladimir Lenin earned this title as well as others. Lenin not only addressed the problems of Russia, but...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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SummaryA radical attempts to change parts of a society. A leader revolutionizes an entire country. Few people can be called “saviors” (Gluzman), but Vladimir Lenin earned this title as well as others. Lenin not only addressed the problems of Russia, but also brought about a new era in Russian history. His actions can still be felt in modern times and will undoubtedly be felt for years to come.
Lenin was born in the small town of Simbirsk (it was later renamed Ulyanovsk in his honor). His birth name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. His father was a Russian official who fought for free universal education. Lenin had two siblings, a brother and a sister. His brother was arrested in 1887 in connection to a terrorist plan to kill the Tsar. He was hanged for this crime shortly after the arrest. The death of Lenin’s brother is what drove him to revolution.
Soon after his brother’s death, Lenin became interested in Marxism. He began to study the works of the philosopher and found that he agreed with many of them. At the same time, he was involved in many student protests and was arrested multiple times. He was expelled from Kazan University. His expulsion only drove him to study harder. He worked on his education on his own and was licensed to practice law by 1891. He had also mastered Greek, Latin, German, and French. Between his expulsion and his licensing for law, Lenin translated Marx’s Communist Manifesto into Russian for the first time.
Lenin was born in the small town of Simbirsk (it was later renamed Ulyanovsk in his honor). His birth name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. His father was a Russian official who fought for free universal education. Lenin had two siblings, a brother and a sister. His brother was arrested in 1887 in connection to a terrorist plan to kill the Tsar. He was hanged for this crime shortly after the arrest. The death of Lenin’s brother is what drove him to revolution.
Soon after his brother’s death, Lenin became interested in Marxism. He began to study the works of the philosopher and found that he agreed with many of them. At the same time, he was involved in many student protests and was arrested multiple times. He was expelled from Kazan University. His expulsion only drove him to study harder. He worked on his education on his own and was licensed to practice law by 1891. He had also mastered Greek, Latin, German, and French. Between his expulsion and his licensing for law, Lenin translated Marx’s Communist Manifesto into Russian for the first time.
«On September 9th 1976 came the death of perhaps the most influential and feared leader in the history of the modern world. As visionary and well regarded as any Pope, and as reviled and hated as much as Hitler, there is no questioning the enormous...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
school essay
date published
04/01/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryOn September 9th 1976 came the death of perhaps the most influential and feared leader in the history of the modern world. As visionary and well regarded as any Pope, and as reviled and hated as much as Hitler, there is no questioning the enormous influence that Chairman Mao has had on China.
Chairman Mao, or Mao Zedong, was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party for over 40 years, and was responsible for some of the biggest changes within the country’s history. It is nearly 30 years since his death, yet his influence is still felt in all areas of modern Chinese life. Despite this, unless you have studied communism or Chinese history, you probably know little about him, or the events that occurred under his reign. Mao’s life is one of historical significance, great endeavour, and tragic mistakes.
Chairman Mao, or Mao Zedong, was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party for over 40 years, and was responsible for some of the biggest changes within the country’s history. It is nearly 30 years since his death, yet his influence is still felt in all areas of modern Chinese life. Despite this, unless you have studied communism or Chinese history, you probably know little about him, or the events that occurred under his reign. Mao’s life is one of historical significance, great endeavour, and tragic mistakes.
«Throughout present day American history there have been many differing views on the Eastern European and Russian Jews as a people and the ways in which they have affected American society. Although often looked down upon, Russian Jews have actually...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
school essay
date published
03/01/2008
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SummaryThroughout present day American history there have been many differing views on the Eastern European and Russian Jews as a people and the ways in which they have affected American society. Although often looked down upon, Russian Jews have actually contributed a great deal to the economic growth of New York as well as the riddance of sweat shops and opening of labor unions all over the United States, and have gotten a long way form their persecution in their homeland during the nineteenth century. Perhaps though a study of their history and their culture it can be understood just how difficult life had been for them and how experienced the European Jews really are.
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