The impact of the French Revolution (1789-1815) on social structure, legal system and political life and institutions during the nineteenth century in France
«Some events stamp on the history of mankind forever : the French Revolution is definitely one of these. Indeed, really few upheavals such as this one triggered so many thoughts, comments and passionate reactions all over the world. Although lot of...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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SummarySome events stamp on the history of mankind forever : the French Revolution is definitely one of these. Indeed, really few upheavals such as this one triggered so many thoughts, comments and passionate reactions all over the world. Although lot of scholars tried to understand and qualify this period, many interpretations actually remain. This stands for the difficulty to understand the real impact of such an astonishing event.
In reality, these difficulties are deeply rooted in two specific characteristics of the French Revolution : the question of its own intensity, and therefore the question of its real legacy.
to what extent had the French Revolution (1789-1815) a strong and global influence over the nineteenth century in France ?
In reality, these difficulties are deeply rooted in two specific characteristics of the French Revolution : the question of its own intensity, and therefore the question of its real legacy.
to what extent had the French Revolution (1789-1815) a strong and global influence over the nineteenth century in France ?
Table of Contents- The strong intensity of the changes triggered by the French Revolution and global aspects
- Revolution: two-criteria definition
- Evolution of the social structure due to the French Revolution
- The impact of the French Revolution over the French legal system
- Political evolution of France throughout the nineteenth century: the spirit of the Revolution influence
«The development of media in the Western Germany during the period of the Allied Occupation (1945-1949) and in the first decade of the Federal Republic (1949-1959)
The media is present all around the world. The media tries to express facts,...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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date published
11/12/2006
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SummaryThe development of media in the Western Germany during the period of the Allied Occupation (1945-1949) and in the first decade of the Federal Republic (1949-1959)
The media is present all around the world. The media tries to express facts, entertainment, opinion, and other information. In this way, newspapers, magazines, cinema films, radio, television, Internet, books, and other forms of publishing are an approach to communication.
Mass media tends to reach a large audience, in particular in the 1920’s with the expansion of radio networks and the mass-circulation of newspapers and magazines.
Western Germany, between 1945 and 1959 can be separated into two periods. The first is the Allied Occupation, started after the defeat of World War II in 1945. Western Germany was divided into three areas. These areas were controlled by America, Britain and France. The Federal Republic -West Germany- was proclaimed in 1949.
What are the main points of the development of media in West Germany while it was emerging from defeat in World War II? How did the media cope with, and what were their attitudes towards the Allied Occupation and the early of the new government –the Federal Republic?
The role of print media and broadcasting (radio and television) were important in the development of media.
The media is present all around the world. The media tries to express facts, entertainment, opinion, and other information. In this way, newspapers, magazines, cinema films, radio, television, Internet, books, and other forms of publishing are an approach to communication.
Mass media tends to reach a large audience, in particular in the 1920’s with the expansion of radio networks and the mass-circulation of newspapers and magazines.
Western Germany, between 1945 and 1959 can be separated into two periods. The first is the Allied Occupation, started after the defeat of World War II in 1945. Western Germany was divided into three areas. These areas were controlled by America, Britain and France. The Federal Republic -West Germany- was proclaimed in 1949.
What are the main points of the development of media in West Germany while it was emerging from defeat in World War II? How did the media cope with, and what were their attitudes towards the Allied Occupation and the early of the new government –the Federal Republic?
The role of print media and broadcasting (radio and television) were important in the development of media.
Table of Contents- After World War II, the Allies wanted to 're-educate' the German population
- The set up of new German Federal Republic in 1949
- The role of print media and broadcasting (radio and television) in the development of media.
«Richard Cobden was much involved in politics. In Great Britain, after Napoleonic wars, Corn Laws were passed. In Cobden’s opinion the policy implemented in these famous bills was very questionable. Indeed, Frédéric Bastiat’s close friend devoted his...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
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date published
28/11/2006
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SummaryRichard Cobden was much involved in politics. In Great Britain, after Napoleonic wars, Corn Laws were passed. In Cobden’s opinion the policy implemented in these famous bills was very questionable. Indeed, Frédéric Bastiat’s close friend devoted his entire life to free trade and pacifism.
First of all I will focus on describing the British society and the economic context. Then I will present Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Laws League.
First of all I will focus on describing the British society and the economic context. Then I will present Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Laws League.
Table of Contents- The context.
- Political and social context.
- The Corn Law.
- Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Law League.
- Cobden´s life.
- The Anti-corn Law League.
Les internautes ont également acheté The civil war in Greece: the role of the Greek civil war in the International History of the post war era
«The Greek civil war took place between 1943 and 1949. It is one of the most painful episodes of Greece history. We can wonder what was the role of the Greek civil war in the International History of post war era, especially its...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
27/07/2006
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level : Expert
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SummaryThe Greek civil war took place between 1943 and 1949. It is one of the most painful episodes of Greece history. We can wonder what was the role of the Greek civil war in the International History of post war era, especially its belonging to the transitional period between the end of the Second World War and the start of the Cold War.
First, I will show that this war was not merely a domestic issue. Then, I will describe the characteristics of the Anglo-American interventions in Greece which gave to the Greek civil war its international dimension. Finally, I will show that this conflict was an important episode of the cold war even if the involvement of western powers was based on incorrect perceptions of Soviet objectives.
First, I will show that this war was not merely a domestic issue. Then, I will describe the characteristics of the Anglo-American interventions in Greece which gave to the Greek civil war its international dimension. Finally, I will show that this conflict was an important episode of the cold war even if the involvement of western powers was based on incorrect perceptions of Soviet objectives.
Table of Contents- The Greek civil war: a dual conflict
- The Greek context
- The Greek civil war and its international aspect
- The Anglo-American intervention in the Greek civil war
- Great Britain's intervention
- The American relief
- The signification of the Greek civil war in international history
- The Greek civil war and the Cold War: the Anglo-American side
- The controversial question of the Soviet's involvement: the perceptions of the Soviet involvement
«Trying to determine what the motives of the migrants to the new world were is a difficult quest because motivations were diverse depending on the colonies. The migrants could be motivated by economical considerations. They thought they could have a...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
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date published
27/07/2006
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SummaryTrying to determine what the motives of the migrants to the new world were is a difficult quest because motivations were diverse depending on the colonies. The migrants could be motivated by economical considerations. They thought they could have a better life, to be richer in North America by escaping hard times in the mother land. There were also religious considerations. Leaving to North America was seen a new start, as a way to build a society more conform to religious behaviours.
We can wonder if religious purposes were the determinant factors or not of immigration in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and as a consequence if religion lies at the heart of Early American identity. As New England was a good example of this paradox between economic and religious purposes in emigration we will focus on the Puritans to point out their motivations.
We can wonder if religious purposes were the determinant factors or not of immigration in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and as a consequence if religion lies at the heart of Early American identity. As New England was a good example of this paradox between economic and religious purposes in emigration we will focus on the Puritans to point out their motivations.
Table of Contents- The religious aspects of the colonisation of New England
- The economic factors
«France and Germany were during the interwar era one of the key elements of international relations. They were the two most involved powers in World War I. This war was not the last as many people hoped. Once again the two powers were very involved...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
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date published
27/07/2006
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SummaryFrance and Germany were during the interwar era one of the key elements of international relations. They were the two most involved powers in World War I. This war was not the last as many people hoped. Once again the two powers were very involved in the Second World War. Therefore, it is essential to analyse and compare the foreign policies of France and Germany to understand the breakout of the war. In this paper we will compare the foreign policies of both Germany and France and point up the impact of these policies on international relations and international order. First we have to consider the opposition of the two policies and then highlight the continuity of these policies during all the interwar era.
Table of Contents- The confrontation of the two powers
- Germany and France: the roots of the struggle
- Security and imperialism: French foreign policy and German resistance
- Consequences on international relations
- Myth and reality of German and French foreign policies
- Locarno Pact: a new policy?
- The end of the myth: collective security and its failure
- Nazi foreign policy and its consequences
«The term “Stalinism” refers to the brutal dictatorship which lasted from 1927 to 1953 in
Russia and Eastern European countries. Although he was the leader of Soviet Russia, after the Second World War Stalin soon became the dictator of a Soviet...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
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date published
24/07/2006
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SummaryThe term “Stalinism” refers to the brutal dictatorship which lasted from 1927 to 1953 in
Russia and Eastern European countries. Although he was the leader of Soviet Russia, after the Second World War Stalin soon became the dictator of a Soviet Union which had expanded to most of Eastern Europe. Indeed Stalin along with the Western leaders, rapidly divided up the spheres of influence of the victors of WWII, during unofficial meetings, such as in Churchill's visit to Stalin in October 1944, or official ones, such as the Yalta or the Potsdam meetings, in February and June 1945 respectively. By the end of Potsdam, the satellization of Eastern Europe was nearly complete , and soon the Stalinist system applied to Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Stalin's government has been defined as “A totalizing system, legitimized in terms of perfection, managed by convinced utopians and backed up by terror”. What were the central features of Stalinism in Eastern Europe?
Table of Contents- The Stalinist ideology and dominating political system
- The modernization process and the economic field
- Stalinism as a totalitarian system
«On the 28th of March 2001, Lionel Jospin, the French Prime Minister made an interesting
declaration: 'Europe is more than a market. It stands for a model of society that has grown
historically.' . This statement refers to the development of the...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
24/07/2006
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SummaryOn the 28th of March 2001, Lionel Jospin, the French Prime Minister made an interesting
declaration: 'Europe is more than a market. It stands for a model of society that has grown
historically.' . This statement refers to the development of the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) in 1951 into the European Union (EU) that we know today. This development has been far
from easy and steady and has depended on various factors such as international relations and
international issues, the performances of the European Community, the member states and the
leaders of the member states and the Community. Those factors have whether accelerated and
facilitated the development of the EU or hindered it.
Table of Contents- International relations and international issues
- The performances of the European Community, the member states and the leaders of the member states and the Community
«“People lost faith in the possibility of reform” said Mikhail Gorbatchev during a conversation analysing the Prague Spring and its consequences. Eastern European socialist countries experienced three attempts of reform at two different times. The...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
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date published
24/07/2006
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Summary“People lost faith in the possibility of reform” said Mikhail Gorbatchev during a conversation analysing the Prague Spring and its consequences. Eastern European socialist countries experienced three attempts of reform at two different times. The first wave is a consequence of the destalinization process. In 1956, after Khrushchev's secret speech, Gomulka came to power in Poland and led a communist reformism. However the reformism led in during the Polish October was not to be considered 'dangerous' by the Soviet Union. In Hungary, that same year, things did not go as well: the popular movement turned into a popular revolution. So to protect their own interest and supposedly the interest of the socialist bloc, Soviet troops invaded Hungary. The second wave of reform came in 1968, in Czechoslovakia. And again, Soviet troops invaded the country.
Was the main lesson from 1968 that communism was unable to reform itself? Communism has many different definitions depending on what focus you want. It can be Communism as the ideology developed by Marx or communism as the social and economic system developed in the Eastern bloc.
In fact we will focus on the second definition as it is more relevant to study systems that were
actually put into practise and the problems they encountered. In that case, communism and socialism
are equivalent terms as socialism should lead to communism.
Table of Contents- The Prague Spring as an event (the reforms that occurred, how the soviet and other socialist countries perceived them and the intervention)
- What consequences 1968 and the invasion had on Czechoslovakia, on the Soviet Union and also on the soviet world
- Different attempts of reforms of communism after 1968
The debate on the trial and the condemnation of Louis XVI during the 18th century and their consequences
«At first the king seemed inclined to work with the revolution and to try to solve the problems. But the influence of the queen and of the courtiers were too strong. He was encouraged by them to disregard all promises he had made and sought to flee...» Document abstract
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8 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
13/03/2006
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level : Advanced
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SummaryAt first the king seemed inclined to work with the revolution and to try to solve the problems. But the influence of the queen and of the courtiers were too strong. He was encouraged by them to disregard all promises he had made and sought to flee from France in order to obtain aid against the revolution from Austria.
It led to the storming of the royal palace of the Tuileries on Aug. 10, 1792. The king and his family escaped before the mob arrived and took refuge in the hall of the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly declared that the king was suspended from office and ordered that he and his family should be imprisoned. They then called a new assembly, the Convention, to decide whether France should continue to be a monarchy.
On 20-21 September, on Abbé Grégoire’s motion, the Conventionnels steeled themselves to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. By December, even advocating the restoration of the monarchy was punishable by death. Then one of the Assembly’s most pressing task was to decide what to do with the person of the ex-ruler, Louis “Capet”.
So a debate started in the Convention, opposing the Jacobins and the Girondins, about whether yes or not the king would be judged.
Firstly, it was not easy to clothe the revolt of the country against the king in the forms of law, for the country as a body had no legal standing under the old regime. There were no conventionally specifiable legal rules or moral principles by which a king could be judged, and there was no one who could judge him, that’s to say exercise authority over him . Moreover, it was a legal maxim in both England and France that the king could not do wrong. This principle the revolutionaries were committed to deny, and their denial was a large part of the revolution they made.
It led to the storming of the royal palace of the Tuileries on Aug. 10, 1792. The king and his family escaped before the mob arrived and took refuge in the hall of the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly declared that the king was suspended from office and ordered that he and his family should be imprisoned. They then called a new assembly, the Convention, to decide whether France should continue to be a monarchy.
On 20-21 September, on Abbé Grégoire’s motion, the Conventionnels steeled themselves to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. By December, even advocating the restoration of the monarchy was punishable by death. Then one of the Assembly’s most pressing task was to decide what to do with the person of the ex-ruler, Louis “Capet”.
So a debate started in the Convention, opposing the Jacobins and the Girondins, about whether yes or not the king would be judged.
Firstly, it was not easy to clothe the revolt of the country against the king in the forms of law, for the country as a body had no legal standing under the old regime. There were no conventionally specifiable legal rules or moral principles by which a king could be judged, and there was no one who could judge him, that’s to say exercise authority over him . Moreover, it was a legal maxim in both England and France that the king could not do wrong. This principle the revolutionaries were committed to deny, and their denial was a large part of the revolution they made.
Table of Contents- The debate on the trial and the condemnation of Louis XVI during the 18th Century and their consequences
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