«In 794, Emperor Kammu of Japan moved the capital from Nara to Heian, in an attempt to separate the in-fluential Buddhist sects of Nara from the state. This led to the development of Heian Buddhism, which is identified by the idea that everyone can...» Document abstract
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ancient history
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18/04/2008
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SummaryIn 794, Emperor Kammu of Japan moved the capital from Nara to Heian, in an attempt to separate the in-fluential Buddhist sects of Nara from the state. This led to the development of Heian Buddhism, which is identified by the idea that everyone can attain Buddhahood. Even with this belief, the Heian school was still separated from the common people by sharing “secret doctrines only...[with] the initiated” and by stating they are protectors of the state, making it the religion of the elite (Lu, ed., Japan A Documentary History 1997: 51, 52). Essentially, esoteric Heian Buddhism was “catering to the whims of the privileged” (Lu, ed., Japan A Documentary History 1997: 117). In contrast, the Kamakara Buddhist schools tried “to bring Buddhist teachings closer to the people” (Lu, ed., Japan A Documentary History 1997: 120) where reading of the Buddhist scriptures weren’t as stressed.
Key words- Saicho, Kukai, Shingon, Tendai, Buddhahood, Kamakura age, Zen Buddhism, Nichiren, Rinzai and Soto.
Key words- Saicho, Kukai, Shingon, Tendai, Buddhahood, Kamakura age, Zen Buddhism, Nichiren, Rinzai and Soto.
«The indescribable mistreatment of Jews and other refugees, both French and foreign, during the German occupation from 1940 to 1944 is a chapter of France’s history that many people have difficulty coming to terms with even today. Building upon the...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
17/04/2008
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SummaryThe indescribable mistreatment of Jews and other refugees, both French and foreign, during the German occupation from 1940 to 1944 is a chapter of France’s history that many people have difficulty coming to terms with even today. Building upon the influence of pre-existing Anti-Semitism, the Vichy government that existed during the period systematically stripped innocent people of their rights, eventually holding large groups of them in internment camps; families were often separated, and ultimately men, women, and children alike were deported to concentration camps where the vast majority of them were killed. While the French government collaborated with the Germans and often orchestrated these roundups and deportations, there were Frenchmen as well as foreigners who recognized injustice and chose to act against it by helping to save these refugees, especially children, as seen in historical records and in the documentary film, The Children of Chabannes (Lisa Gossels and Dean Wetherell, 1999).
«Slavery, as it is known in the United States, differs vastly in comparison to the institution of slavery in West African countries. Slavery in West Africa was, however, affected and shaped by slavery in other parts of the world. The two articles...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
17/04/2008
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SummarySlavery, as it is known in the United States, differs vastly in comparison to the institution of slavery in West African countries. Slavery in West Africa was, however, affected and shaped by slavery in other parts of the world. The two articles that are discussed highlight slavery, slave trading, and the effects of both on life in West Africa. In J.D. Fage’s article titled “Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History,” Fage explores how slavery in West Africa was shaped by the Atlantic Slave Trade as well as how European slavery differed from slavery practiced in West Africa. Fage emphasizes three perspective points of view held in regard to slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade in West Africa. The first view states that the custom of slavery was an innate and widespread establishment in West African communities, so much so that when foreigners came to West Africa with a demand for slaves, the West African communities were immediately prepared for a highly organized trade with the foreigners.
«The archaeological site of Chersonesos in Crimea, Ukraine, has been called “the Ukrainian Pompeii” and with good reason. Very few sites in the world can claim to have such an abundance of well-preserved remains. Tens of towers, a monumental...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 500-1789
research papers
date published
14/04/2008
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SummaryThe archaeological site of Chersonesos in Crimea, Ukraine, has been called “the Ukrainian Pompeii” and with good reason. Very few sites in the world can claim to have such an abundance of well-preserved remains. Tens of towers, a monumental defensive wall, a theater, and numerous farmsteads are some of the structures that have remained in a remarkable state of preservation making Chersonesos the best-preserved Greek colonial territory. Evidence of Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine habitation have all been found throughout Chersonesos as well. Chersonesos exhibits great diversity, both culturally and ethnically. For these reasons, it is one of the most historically significant sites in the world
«The World Trade Center towers, hereafter referred to as WTC 1 and WTC 2, were regarded as revolutionary when they were constructed in the late 1960s. Within the next two decades, five additional buildings were constructed in the World Trade Center...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
14/04/2008
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SummaryThe World Trade Center towers, hereafter referred to as WTC 1 and WTC 2, were regarded as revolutionary when they were constructed in the late 1960s. Within the next two decades, five additional buildings were constructed in the World Trade Center Plaza. Among these was World Trade Center 7 (WTC 7) built in 1985 located north of WTC1 and WTC 2 across Vesey Street. The structural systems incorporated in the 110-story towers designed by Minoru Yamaski & Associates were unique, the process of construction was the first of its type, and the vertical fenestrations that adorned the skyscrapers aided in the towers’ structural system and were very aesthetic. WTC 1 even garnered the title of world’s tallest building upon its completion. Tragically, the Towers have also come to be known as the site of the largest loss of life from any single building event in United States history. This report will focus upon the structural design, the transference of vertical and lateral loads, and the failure mechanisms of WTC 1, WTC 2, and WTC 7.
«One of our nation’s least appreciated national parks is Big Bend National Park, located in a remote region of southwest Texas, situated on 118 miles of the Rio Grande and Mexican border. Since its inception over 60 years ago, Big Bend has welcomed...» Document abstract
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geography
presentation
date published
14/04/2008
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SummaryOne of our nation’s least appreciated national parks is Big Bend National Park, located in a remote region of southwest Texas, situated on 118 miles of the Rio Grande and Mexican border. Since its inception over 60 years ago, Big Bend has welcomed visitors to explore its stunning diversity of geological features and animal and plant life. The multitude of glowing descriptions of hiking and backpacking trips in Big Bend illustrate how personally affecting a trip to Big Bend can be. Its positive impact on visitors to the park cannot be mistaken, just as its positive impact on the neighboring communities cannot be overlooked. Big Bend National Park has benefited the livelihoods of those in neighboring communities by preserving local ecological diversity and offering employment and business opportunities throughout its history.
«In the fourth century Anno Domini, Christianity flourished. The Edict of Milan, established under Roman Emperor Constantine I in 313, guaranteed protection and returned previously confiscated property to the Christian Church. For the first time in...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
research papers
date published
11/04/2008
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SummaryIn the fourth century Anno Domini, Christianity flourished. The Edict of Milan, established under Roman Emperor Constantine I in 313, guaranteed protection and returned previously confiscated property to the Christian Church. For the first time in history, the liturgy, worship of biblical texts through mass or Divine Service, could be practiced publicly. Jerome, utilizing the Hebrew and Greek versions of the Old Testament and the Greek New Testament, translated the Bible into Latin. This Vulgate Bible standardized religious texts, further uniting the Christian Church and allowing the word of God to spread. However, the majority of Romans could not afford to own a Bible, nor could they find hours everyday for Devotional Readings. Church leaders sought to guide the masses through inspirational stories of people who lived virtuous lives. Using this technique, Gregory of Nyssa, Athanasius, and Gregory the Great inspired readers while elucidating Christian ideals of asceticism, humbleness, and commitment.
«Socrates was arguably the most important figure in ancient Greek philosophy. At the time, there were many different forms of philosophical enquiry that were explored. Many philosophers questioned and made deductions about the state and properties...» Document abstract
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history 1789 to present
research papers
date published
07/03/2008
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SummarySocrates was arguably the most important figure in ancient Greek philosophy. At the time, there were many different forms of philosophical enquiry that were explored. Many philosophers questioned and made deductions about the state and properties and purpose of the natural world encompassing all physical objects.
The first of these were the naturalists. They were the first true Greek philosophers. The naturalists used logic and reasoning to attempt to answer all questions regarding Nature. They had decided that most phenomena were not acts of the gods as previously believed. They believed that a logical and mathematical reason could be found for everything.
There were the Eleatic philosophers. They looked at truth from a purely mathematical point of view and tried to justify truth using mathematical purity. They also believed in a unity between all forms of matter from which many properties of various objects can be explained. They believed that our perceptions are quite unrealistic due to our senses being deceiving
The first of these were the naturalists. They were the first true Greek philosophers. The naturalists used logic and reasoning to attempt to answer all questions regarding Nature. They had decided that most phenomena were not acts of the gods as previously believed. They believed that a logical and mathematical reason could be found for everything.
There were the Eleatic philosophers. They looked at truth from a purely mathematical point of view and tried to justify truth using mathematical purity. They also believed in a unity between all forms of matter from which many properties of various objects can be explained. They believed that our perceptions are quite unrealistic due to our senses being deceiving
«Archaeology is - “The discovery, recovery, and study of material evidence or artifacts (i.e. structures, tools, clothing, implements and burial sites in various states of preservation) of past human life and culture”
The methodology used in...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 500-1789
research papers
date published
11/03/2008
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SummaryArchaeology is - “The discovery, recovery, and study of material evidence or artifacts (i.e. structures, tools, clothing, implements and burial sites in various states of preservation) of past human life and culture”
The methodology used in Archaeology can be effectively demonstrated through the discovery of Otzi the Iceman and the sequential processes involved in analysing Otzi.
Otzi was one of the most significant discoveries in Archaeology. To start with he was the oldest human mummy in Europe and certainly one of the oldest well preserved mummies in the world. Otzi’s discovery has also shaken the foundations of knowledge for his time period (Chalcolithic Age) thus changing our perception of his time. Otzi was discovered by two hikers, Helmut and
Erika Simon, on the Similaun Glacier (border of Austria and Italy) on September, 1991. He was half buried in ice with only his head sticking out of the ground.
The study and discovery of Otzi will help demonstrate the archaeological concepts and processes involved in Excavation, Preservation and Dating techniques.
The methodology used in Archaeology can be effectively demonstrated through the discovery of Otzi the Iceman and the sequential processes involved in analysing Otzi.
Otzi was one of the most significant discoveries in Archaeology. To start with he was the oldest human mummy in Europe and certainly one of the oldest well preserved mummies in the world. Otzi’s discovery has also shaken the foundations of knowledge for his time period (Chalcolithic Age) thus changing our perception of his time. Otzi was discovered by two hikers, Helmut and
Erika Simon, on the Similaun Glacier (border of Austria and Italy) on September, 1991. He was half buried in ice with only his head sticking out of the ground.
The study and discovery of Otzi will help demonstrate the archaeological concepts and processes involved in Excavation, Preservation and Dating techniques.
«In 1976 lethal injection became a legally sanctioned method of execution and was quickly adopted by the majority of states. In the thirty years since its implementation, lethal injection is still considered to be the most humane means of executing...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
19/02/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryIn 1976 lethal injection became a legally sanctioned method of execution and was quickly adopted by the majority of states. In the thirty years since its implementation, lethal injection is still considered to be the most humane means of executing a death row inmate and is the preferred method in 37 of the 38 states in which capital punishment is legal. While death by electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and the firing squad have remained legal, 901 death row inmates have been executed via lethal injection, as opposed to the 169 persons executed by one of the other legalized methods (Dieter, DPIC). Despite common conceptions of lethal injection as a calm, painless, and relatively peaceful procedure, several incidents prove otherwise as disputes rage concerning lethal injection as a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Because of the exceedingly high percentage of botched executions, lethal injection must be both reformed and regulated in every state with the help of doctors, nurses, and trained professionals to ensure that it is administered in a manner that does not result in cruel or unusual punishment.
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