«On the 28th of March 2001, Lionel Jospin, the French Prime Minister made an interesting
declaration: 'Europe is more than a market. It stands for a model of society that has grown
historically.' . This statement refers to the development of the...» Document abstract
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4 pdf format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
24/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 2 times
SummaryOn the 28th of March 2001, Lionel Jospin, the French Prime Minister made an interesting
declaration: 'Europe is more than a market. It stands for a model of society that has grown
historically.' . This statement refers to the development of the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) in 1951 into the European Union (EU) that we know today. This development has been far
from easy and steady and has depended on various factors such as international relations and
international issues, the performances of the European Community, the member states and the
leaders of the member states and the Community. Those factors have whether accelerated and
facilitated the development of the EU or hindered it.
Table of Contents- International relations and international issues
- The performances of the European Community, the member states and the leaders of the member states and the Community
«“People lost faith in the possibility of reform” said Mikhail Gorbatchev during a conversation analysing the Prague Spring and its consequences. Eastern European socialist countries experienced three attempts of reform at two different times. The...» Document abstract
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7 pdf format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
24/07/2006
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level : General public
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Summary“People lost faith in the possibility of reform” said Mikhail Gorbatchev during a conversation analysing the Prague Spring and its consequences. Eastern European socialist countries experienced three attempts of reform at two different times. The first wave is a consequence of the destalinization process. In 1956, after Khrushchev's secret speech, Gomulka came to power in Poland and led a communist reformism. However the reformism led in during the Polish October was not to be considered 'dangerous' by the Soviet Union. In Hungary, that same year, things did not go as well: the popular movement turned into a popular revolution. So to protect their own interest and supposedly the interest of the socialist bloc, Soviet troops invaded Hungary. The second wave of reform came in 1968, in Czechoslovakia. And again, Soviet troops invaded the country.
Was the main lesson from 1968 that communism was unable to reform itself? Communism has many different definitions depending on what focus you want. It can be Communism as the ideology developed by Marx or communism as the social and economic system developed in the Eastern bloc.
In fact we will focus on the second definition as it is more relevant to study systems that were
actually put into practise and the problems they encountered. In that case, communism and socialism
are equivalent terms as socialism should lead to communism.
Table of Contents- The Prague Spring as an event (the reforms that occurred, how the soviet and other socialist countries perceived them and the intervention)
- What consequences 1968 and the invasion had on Czechoslovakia, on the Soviet Union and also on the soviet world
- Different attempts of reforms of communism after 1968
«Cette dissertation entièrement rédigée en anglais traite des relations complexes entre les Musulmans et les Chrétiens au Moyen-Age. Elle suit trois axes principaux:
1- La relation ambigüe qu'entretenaient les Musulmans et les Chrétiens (à la fois...» Document abstract
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7 word format
Language : english
history 500-1789
presentation
date published
01/04/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryCette dissertation entièrement rédigée en anglais traite des relations complexes entre les Musulmans et les Chrétiens au Moyen-Age. Elle suit trois axes principaux:
1- La relation ambigüe qu'entretenaient les Musulmans et les Chrétiens (à la fois fascination et rejet,
2- La supériorité des Musulmans sur les Chrétiens dans la première moitié du Moyen-Age
3- Le renversement de pouvoir en faveur des Chrétiens dans la deuxième moitié du Moyen-Age.
1- La relation ambigüe qu'entretenaient les Musulmans et les Chrétiens (à la fois fascination et rejet,
2- La supériorité des Musulmans sur les Chrétiens dans la première moitié du Moyen-Age
3- Le renversement de pouvoir en faveur des Chrétiens dans la deuxième moitié du Moyen-Age.
Table of Contents- The Complex Relationship between Muslims and Christians during the Middle-Ages
- The Crusades
- How the west benefited from the contacts with the Islamic world
The debate on the trial and the condemnation of Louis XVI during the 18th century and their consequences
«At first the king seemed inclined to work with the revolution and to try to solve the problems. But the influence of the queen and of the courtiers were too strong. He was encouraged by them to disregard all promises he had made and sought to flee...» Document abstract
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8 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
13/03/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 5 times
SummaryAt first the king seemed inclined to work with the revolution and to try to solve the problems. But the influence of the queen and of the courtiers were too strong. He was encouraged by them to disregard all promises he had made and sought to flee from France in order to obtain aid against the revolution from Austria.
It led to the storming of the royal palace of the Tuileries on Aug. 10, 1792. The king and his family escaped before the mob arrived and took refuge in the hall of the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly declared that the king was suspended from office and ordered that he and his family should be imprisoned. They then called a new assembly, the Convention, to decide whether France should continue to be a monarchy.
On 20-21 September, on Abbé Grégoire’s motion, the Conventionnels steeled themselves to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. By December, even advocating the restoration of the monarchy was punishable by death. Then one of the Assembly’s most pressing task was to decide what to do with the person of the ex-ruler, Louis “Capet”.
So a debate started in the Convention, opposing the Jacobins and the Girondins, about whether yes or not the king would be judged.
Firstly, it was not easy to clothe the revolt of the country against the king in the forms of law, for the country as a body had no legal standing under the old regime. There were no conventionally specifiable legal rules or moral principles by which a king could be judged, and there was no one who could judge him, that’s to say exercise authority over him . Moreover, it was a legal maxim in both England and France that the king could not do wrong. This principle the revolutionaries were committed to deny, and their denial was a large part of the revolution they made.
It led to the storming of the royal palace of the Tuileries on Aug. 10, 1792. The king and his family escaped before the mob arrived and took refuge in the hall of the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly declared that the king was suspended from office and ordered that he and his family should be imprisoned. They then called a new assembly, the Convention, to decide whether France should continue to be a monarchy.
On 20-21 September, on Abbé Grégoire’s motion, the Conventionnels steeled themselves to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. By December, even advocating the restoration of the monarchy was punishable by death. Then one of the Assembly’s most pressing task was to decide what to do with the person of the ex-ruler, Louis “Capet”.
So a debate started in the Convention, opposing the Jacobins and the Girondins, about whether yes or not the king would be judged.
Firstly, it was not easy to clothe the revolt of the country against the king in the forms of law, for the country as a body had no legal standing under the old regime. There were no conventionally specifiable legal rules or moral principles by which a king could be judged, and there was no one who could judge him, that’s to say exercise authority over him . Moreover, it was a legal maxim in both England and France that the king could not do wrong. This principle the revolutionaries were committed to deny, and their denial was a large part of the revolution they made.
Table of Contents- The debate on the trial and the condemnation of Louis XVI during the 18th Century and their consequences
Discuss the emergence of new forms of nationalism between 1848 and 1914. Answer with reference to one or more European country
«Defining nationalism before considering its development and emergence in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th is useful because it offers us a good base for a greater comprehension of the phenomenon during this period of time. As...» Document abstract
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9 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
11/11/2002
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 9 times
SummaryDefining nationalism before considering its development and emergence in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th is useful because it offers us a good base for a greater comprehension of the phenomenon during this period of time. As Michael Hughes correctly points out in ‘Nationalism in Society’, commentators generally seem to agree that the nation is a concept of unity (1). The unity he is speaking of can be based on a variety of criteria ranging from language and culture to religious beliefs, of which Israel and Pakistan are examples. A nation has characteristics that isolates or differentiates it from others, individual features, which render it unique. Professor Mancini puts it as ‘a natural community of people with a common territory and common origins, customs and language, united for a common life and common social awareness’ (2). New nations forming in the 19th century meant fertile ground for new political organisations, and differences in between the political right and left became very apparent. Whereas the right commonly backed nationalism, socialists and the traditional left never came to terms with it. Methods of propaganda were obviously used to gather popular support but these methods varied from country to country, some using racism and xenophobic slogans and some relying solely on the love of the nation. For a nation to be stable it needed to be prosperous and free, like Guizot said, and in 1848 the revolutions broke out because countries had none of these features. The population’s unrest developed into revolts and manifestations, some furthering their actions by going on and forming national ‘revolutionary’ groups. I will call them ‘revolutionary’ because they were a destabilising factor for the ruling forces. All over Europe in the period between 1880 and 1914 nationalism took a dramatic leap, becoming an important actor in politics and creating a number of fanatical movements. These were movements that focused on their nation, proudly lifting a national flag against foreigners, Jews and liberals. Movements within countries or empires developed like in the Austro-Hungarian Empire where local populations, Magyars in particular, demanded independence or at least more liberties.
Commonly, a high degree of aggressiveness could also be attributed to these forces originating from a will to expand or consolidate territories but this wasn’t a general rule of nationalism, some simply wanted to expel foreigners. What is interesting to consider too is if the States drove the people to the First World War or if it is the people who led the nations into it.
Commonly, a high degree of aggressiveness could also be attributed to these forces originating from a will to expand or consolidate territories but this wasn’t a general rule of nationalism, some simply wanted to expel foreigners. What is interesting to consider too is if the States drove the people to the First World War or if it is the people who led the nations into it.
Table of Contents- The decline of the Empire can be considered inversely proportional to the rise in nationalism
- The intellectuals originally wanted to form a nation based on the language and history but also a common envy to expel foreigners was present in the population
- Nationalism and the Franco- Prussian war
- Racial theories exerted powerful attractions all over Europe in the 19th century - ‘Social Darwinism' and its deformation
«This essay focuses on Chinese women from North-Western China (the Chinese part of the Silk Road) under the Tang dynasty (618-907). It describes the main outlines of their everyday life, and study more closely the impact of the Silk Road – and its...» Document abstract
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Language : english
history 500-1789
presentation
date published
01/11/2002
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 6 times
SummaryThis essay focuses on Chinese women from North-Western China (the Chinese part of the Silk Road) under the Tang dynasty (618-907). It describes the main outlines of their everyday life, and study more closely the impact of the Silk Road – and its related cultural interactions – on their lives. In this respect, the Tang dynasty is the most interesting period because trade and cultural interactions were at its pinnacle. Thus, I will try to determine to what extent the reign of the traditional, Confucian frame defining women's role was subdued by the influence of foreign cultures
Table of Contents- The main characteristics of the traditional role and social status of women in Medieval China
- To what extend the nomadic cultures who settled in China conveyed new values into the Chinese society
- Confucian ideals also lost its predominance by the development of two important social groups under the Tang: the 'entertainer' and the nun
- The spread of Buddhism brought about social changes that undoubtedly improved somehow the life of many women
«France was the first country to establish male universal suffrage but one of the last Western states to institute Universal Suffrage: French women were not granted the right to vote before 1944. Many historians have pointed out this apparent anomaly...» Document abstract
$9.95
10 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
01/11/2002
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 18 times
SummaryFrance was the first country to establish male universal suffrage but one of the last Western states to institute Universal Suffrage: French women were not granted the right to vote before 1944. Many historians have pointed out this apparent anomaly and have used the idea of “le retard français”, the French delay. International comparisons support this idea
Table of Contents- One of the recurrent explanations of the late enfranchisement is the weakness of French feminism
- French society as a whole was particularly conservative about the role and status of women
- In the beginning of the 20th century, women's citizenship entered the realms of possibility in France because time and suffragist activities caused prejudices to decrease
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