« HUMAN PREGNANCY 1. Obstetrics in Broad Perspective Healthier mothers and babies ranks as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States ...» Document abstract
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19/11/2007
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SummaryHealthier mothers and babies ranks as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States between 1900 and 1999. At the beginning of the century, almost 1 in every 100 women giving birth in this country died of pregnancy-related complications, and nearly 1 of 10 infants died before age 1 year (Centers for Disease Control, 1999b). By the end of the 20th century, infant mortality had declined more than 90 percent to 7.2 per 1000 live births in 1997, and the maternal mortality rate declined almost 99 percent to 7.7 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1997.
Table of Contents- The vital statistics of the United States are collected and published through a decentralized, cooperative system (Tolson and colleagues, 1991).
- It is recommended that United States statistics include all fetuses and infants born weighing at least 500 g, whether alive or dead.
- Definitions recommended by the National Center for Health Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are...
- Postterm infant.
- Direct maternal death.
- Nonmaternal death
« cytotrophoblasts. DECIDUAL REACTION In human pregnancy, the decidual reaction is completed only with blastocyst implantation. Predecidual ...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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26/11/2007
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SummaryThis tissue is the specialized, highly modified endometrium of pregnancy. The transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua is dependent upon the action of estrogen and progesterone and other stimuli provided by the implanting blastocyst (or maternal platelets) during trophoblast invasion of the endometrium and its blood vessels. The special relationship that exists between the endometrium/decidua and the invading trophoblast seemingly defies the laws of transplantation immunology. The success of this unique autograft is not only a scientific curiosity but may involve processes that harbor insights into more successful transplantation surgery and perhaps the control of neoplasia as well.
Table of Contents- STRUCTURE
- DECIDUAL REACTION
- BLOOD SUPPLY
- HISTOLOGY
- AGING OF THE DECIDUA
- PROLACTIN IN THE DECIDUA
« of the uterine cavity; its role in nutrition of the conceptus is reflected in its name; and its function as an endocrine organ in human pregnancy is essential ...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe extravillous and villous trophoblasts are the embryonic-fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the placental arm; the avascular fetal membranes—the amnion and chorion laeve—are the fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the paracrine arm of this system.
The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi; fetal blood is contained within fetal capillaries, which traverse within the intravillous spaces of the villi. This is a hemochorioendothelial type of placenta. The paracrine arm of this system links the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue.
The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi; fetal blood is contained within fetal capillaries, which traverse within the intravillous spaces of the villi. This is a hemochorioendothelial type of placenta. The paracrine arm of this system links the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue.
Table of Contents- The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi
- EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- FERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM AND CLEAVAGE OF THE ZYGOTE
- THE EARLY HUMAN ZYGOTE.
- IMPLANTATION
- BIOLOGY OF THE TROPHOBLAST
- DIFFERENTIATION.
- FORMATION OF THE SYNCYTIUM
« aminonic fluid. This particular avascular structure occupies a role of incredible importance in human pregnancy. In many obstetrical ...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe amnion at term is a tough and tenacious but pliable membrane. It is the innermost fetal membrane and is contiguous with the aminonic fluid. This particular avascular structure occupies a role of incredible importance in human pregnancy. In many obstetrical populations, preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes is the single most common antecedent of preterm delivery. The amnion is the tissue that provides almost all of the tensile strength of the fetal membranes. Therefore, the development of the component(s) of the amnion that protects against rupture or tearing is vitally important to successful pregnancy outcome.
Table of Contents- STRUCTURE
- DEVELOPMENT
- AMNION CELL HISTOGENESIS
- AMNION EPITHELIAL CELLS.
- AMNION MESENCHYMAL CELLS.
- ANATOMY
- TENSILE STRENGTH
- INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENS.
- COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS IN AMNION.
- VASOACTIVE PEPTIDES.
- AMNIONIC FLUID.
« Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). ...» Document abstract
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26 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
26/09/2007
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SummaryAfter the diagnosis of pregnancy is made, it is imperative to determine the duration of pregnancy and the estimated date of confinement (EDC).
Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). This may also be calculated as 266 days or 38 weeks from the last ovulation in a normal 28-day cycle.
Table of Contents- Calculation of Gestational Age
- CLINICAL PARAMETERS OF GESTATIONAL AGE
- DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY AT TERM
- Ultrasonography
« the uterine cavity and the decidua is the highly modified and specialized endometrium of pregnancy. From an evolutionary perspective, the human endometrium is ...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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date published
20/11/2007
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SummaryEndometrium/decidua is the anatomical site of blastocyst apposition, implantation, and placental development. The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity and the decidua is the highly modified and specialized endometrium of pregnancy. From an evolutionary perspective, the human endometrium is highly developed in order to accommodate a hemochorioendothelial type of placentation. Endometrial development of a magnitude similar to that observed in women, that is with special spiral (or coiling) arteries, is restricted to only the catarrhine primates—such as humans, great apes, and Old World monkeys. Trophoblasts of the blastocyst invade these endometrial arteries during implantation and placentation to establish uteroplacental vessels.
Table of Contents- MATERNAL TISSUES OF THE FETAL-MATERNAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE UTERUS
- OVERVIEW OF ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION
- THE ACCOMMODATION OF PREGNANCY IS THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOMETRIUM/DECIDUA.
- SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS OF THE DECIDUA.
- ESTROGEN ACTION.
- PROGESTERONE ACTION.
« The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus. ...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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26/09/2007
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SummaryPregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus.
For obstetric purposes, the duration of pregnancy is based on gestational age: the estimated age of the fetus calculated from the first day of the last (normal) menstrual period (LMP), assuming a 28-day cycle.
Table of Contents- Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body
- Gestational age is expressed in completed weeks
- Live Birth
- An immature infant weighs 500–1000 g and has completed 20 to less than 28 weeks of gestation
- The postmature syndrome is characterized by prolonged gestation
- A prolonged pregnancy is a gestation that has advanced beyond 2 SD from the mean and with a duration of 42½ weeks or longer
- Birth Rate & Fertility Rate
- Neonatal Interval
- Perinatal Interval
- Final Discussion
« choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, a condition which affects her body and possibly her entire life, then she has lost one of her most basic human rights ...» Document abstract
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humanities/philosophy
worksheets
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28/04/2002
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SummaryFew issues have fostered such controversy as has the topic of abortion.
The participants in the abortion debate not only have firmly-fixed beliefs, but each group has a self-designated appellation that clearly reflects what they believe to be the essential issues. On one side, the pro-choice supporters see individual choice as central to the debate: If a woman cannot choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, a condition which affects her body and possibly her entire life, then she has lost one of her most basic human rights. These proponents of abortion believe that while a fetus is a potential life, its life cannot be placed on the same level with that of a woman. On the other side, the pro-life opponents of abortion argue that the fetus is human and therefore given the same human rights as the mother. Stated simply, they believe that when a society legalizes abortion, it is sanctioning murder. In today's more industrialized societies, technology has simplified the abortion procedure to a few basic and safe methods. Technology, however, has also enhanced society's knowledge of the fetus. Ultrasound, fetal therapy, and amniocentesis graphically reveal complex life before birth, and it is this potential human life that is at the heart of the debate. In order to form an opinion on this matter, we must first question and define several common factors which are numerously debated.
The participants in the abortion debate not only have firmly-fixed beliefs, but each group has a self-designated appellation that clearly reflects what they believe to be the essential issues. On one side, the pro-choice supporters see individual choice as central to the debate: If a woman cannot choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, a condition which affects her body and possibly her entire life, then she has lost one of her most basic human rights. These proponents of abortion believe that while a fetus is a potential life, its life cannot be placed on the same level with that of a woman. On the other side, the pro-life opponents of abortion argue that the fetus is human and therefore given the same human rights as the mother. Stated simply, they believe that when a society legalizes abortion, it is sanctioning murder. In today's more industrialized societies, technology has simplified the abortion procedure to a few basic and safe methods. Technology, however, has also enhanced society's knowledge of the fetus. Ultrasound, fetal therapy, and amniocentesis graphically reveal complex life before birth, and it is this potential human life that is at the heart of the debate. In order to form an opinion on this matter, we must first question and define several common factors which are numerously debated.
Table of Contents- When does human life begin'
- Is abortion immoral'
- The religious aspect
- Can abortion be justified'
- Should abortion remain a personal choice'
- Abortion and the Constitution
- Should abortion remain legal'
Les internautes ont également acheté « Using cocaine during pregnancy negatively influences the fetus more severely than marijuana. Conclusion . Background A human being can be defined as a living ...» Document abstract
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social sciences
school essay
date published
08/08/2007
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SummaryA human being can be defined as a living thing that has, or can develop, the ability to act or function independently. In the simplest terms possible, it is the state of existing. How do we judge the value of human life? What makes one life more precious than another? There is great controversy concerning the fetus, a term used to describe a developing baby from the ninth week of development to birth, and whether or not it should have rights and be considered a human being. Of course, the fetus is dependant on its mother for the approximate nine months that it seeks shelter from her. However, according to the previously stated definition, the fact that the fetus is in the process of developing means to function independently, it is obvious that the fetus should be deemed a human being. Another point worth noting is the fact that a human being that exists outside of a mother’s body has a brain to control its body function, and a heart to pump its blood. Although a fetus is constantly changing and maturing, and these organs may not be developed to the point at which they can function on their own, a fetus contains the same elements, and thus should not be disregarded as a human being.
Table of Contents- Background
- There is great controversy concerning the fetus, a term used to describe a developing baby from the ninth week of development to birth
- Position
- There are not many cases assessed in which the child that is being abused is a fetus
- Although this is true, the mother has a responsibility to her child, whether the child exists in the real world, or inside of its mother's womb
- Child Abuse and the Use of Alcohol and Tobacco
- Extreme use of alcohol can also irritate certain medical conditions that already exist within the body, such as diabetes
- There are also many internal defects which occur as a result of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Women who smoke during pregnancy are putting their fetus at risk for abnormalities
- Child Abuse and the Use of Illegal Substances
- xcessive use of cannabis, more commonly known as marijuana, can lead to chronic bronchitis, memory loss, and poor lung functioning
- Using cocaine during pregnancy negatively influences the fetus more severely than marijuana
- Conclusion
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