«When one thinks of the president Lyndon Baines Johnson, typically one associates him with the turbulent period we call the ‘sixties.’ Whether or not his term in office merely coincided with this era is an issue often debated. Nonetheless, his...» Document abstract
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Language : english
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19/02/2008
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SummaryWhen one thinks of the president Lyndon Baines Johnson, typically one associates him with the turbulent period we call the ‘sixties.’ Whether or not his term in office merely coincided with this era is an issue often debated. Nonetheless, his commanding presence has left an indelible mark on history. However, the fact that Johnson served as president during the largest commitment of troops to the Vietnam conflict as well as in sight of the birth of modern welfare and other social programs is not coincidental. His initiatives in these areas were largely due to his views on foreign and domestic policies. More specifically, Lyndon Johnson demonstrated a high idealism in many respects. This attitude that was reflected in his policies truly define Johnson as being firm in his convictions; so much so that his leadership strategies were what some may refer to as unilateral and self executed. Unlike some presidents before and after him who relied heavily on the council and direction of their own administration, Lyndon’s approach was more self guided. This phenomenon came in under the shadow of the JFK assignation and subsequent presidency. With this and numerous other facts in mind, what will be done in this paper is an overview of the Johnson presidency. The unilateralism of Johnson’s “top to bottom” micro management of the Vietnam War as well as his “Great Society” campaign will be examined, as well as the cloud that loomed over his residency in the White House after the JFK tragedy.
Table of Contents
- Johnson, early on in his career as president, found himself in the middle of a military conflict.
- The increase in troops came on the heels of the fear of communism's spread along with heightened skirmishes with militants in the south.
- On the flip side, the Democratic position was far less, as some may characterize it, ‘hawkish.?
- Furthermore, Johnson's way of dealing with foreign policy mirrored, in many respects, his handling of the Vietnam War.
- In executing the principles of 'The Great Society' as an initiative there are a number of factors to consider.
- Opponents of his social programs, however, pointed to the overtaxing tendencies of his initiatives.
- How Johnson was able to secure his position in the White House was through his charisma and one on one appeal.
- All in all, Johnson is characterized as president who resided in the White House during one of the most turbulent periods in history.
«In the study of Ontology some peculiar issue arise out the study of entities and what make them up. The first thing that one notices is that there are parts of things and wholes that are the things which we view ontologically. This ontological...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
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19/02/2008
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SummaryIn the study of Ontology some peculiar issue arise out the study of entities and what make them up. The first thing that one notices is that there are parts of things and wholes that are the things which we view ontologically. This ontological status of parthood as relating to what the parts comprise had necessitated philosophers to devise a theory, a sub-theory of ontology, to account for this phenomenon. This sub-theory of the study of the relationship parts to wholes is called Mereology. Mereology goes back to the early Greeks, such as the atomists, who tried to account for how individual entities came together to make a distinct entity from themselves solely from the aggregation of the parts. Although the study of mereology was not coined at this time, it is often viewed as an early attempt to create a coherent theory of mereology, or the study of parts to wholes. What will be done in this paper is an overview of mereology and a mathematical theory called topology (the study of preserving the integrity of a shape even when it loses its original form) which is translated into ontology by two authors, Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi. These two authors contend that mereology, alone, is insufficient to account for the sustained identity of an entity by a mere appeal to the summation of its parts. This thesis of Casati and Varzi will be shown in concert with a background of the issues and debates surrounding mereology.
Table of Contents
- Mereology is an assumption about the relationship between simples, which make up a complex of a whole.
- One way that this had been done was by what is known as Extensional Mereology.
- Extensional mereology, prima facie, solves the problem of identity.
- Although closure mereology solves some of the problems that mereology creates, it obviously does not solve all of the problems.
«This essay seeks to show the existence of romantic love in the 12th century through various its manifestations in the letters of Peter Abelard and Heloise, as well as show how the idea of romantic idea was different from the ways in which we think...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
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17/02/2008
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SummaryThis essay seeks to show the existence of romantic love in the 12th century through various its manifestations in the letters of Peter Abelard and Heloise, as well as show how the idea of romantic idea was different from the ways in which we think of it today. These letters are filled with information on the beliefs and practices of twelfth century France. Their discussions range on a variety of matters, issues of theology, regulations concerning nuns, and most importantly debates on the nature of love. To them, romantic love was free of the constraints of marriage, yet it had to deal with the dominant religious piety of the time. Romantic love had to have a religious ends, the love of God, in order for it to be expressed at all. Abelard and Heloise show these beliefs in their writings, in which they attack their desires for each other and try to overcome them through religious discussion.
Table of Contents
- Abstract.
- The Letters of Abelard and Heloise were written during the first half of the 12th century.
- For intents and purposes, 'romantic love' is defined, as love that is not entirely erotic.
- Fulbert, however, did find out and Heloise became pregnant with Abelard's child.
- While Abelard tried to move away from his former passions, it is Heloise whose letters keep the romantic flame alive.
«Between the fall of Toledo in 1085 and the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, a new force entered the politics of Muslim al-Andalus (or Andalusia). This force was the North African Islamic fundamentalism of two groups, the Almoravids and their...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
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17/02/2008
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SummaryBetween the fall of Toledo in 1085 and the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, a new force entered the politics of Muslim al-Andalus (or Andalusia). This force was the North African Islamic fundamentalism of two groups, the Almoravids and their successors, the Almohads. Both these groups developed out of a “ribat mentality,” which stressed a strict interpretation of Islamic law (the Sharia) and simple living. Their coming to Spain would alter the political and social landscape by introducing a level of religiosity and intolerance to both the Muslim and Christian Kingdoms of Spain, ending the relative toleration of religious minorities in both regions and leading to the eventual destruction of the Muslim presence on the Iberian Peninsula. However, the ribat mentality of the Almoravids and the Almohads cannot be blamed entirely for these changes in Iberia; there was also a strong outside influence on the Christian Kings of Northern Spain to increasingly mix religious and political institutions, namely from the Papacy, and the extent to which these Muslim fundamentalists were able to totally create a barrier between Christians and Muslims cannot be over-exaggerated, as both groups used members of the other to further their own political ends.
Table of Contents
- The ribat mentality saw its development in the context of the Berber society of 11th century Morocco.
- The Taifa states of Andalusia were in trouble;
- The most influence the ribat mentality had on the fabric of Spain, however, was on the Christian side.
- Tere also cases of each side working with their religious rivals.
«The author of this meager submission once attended a birthday banquet at the local McDonald’s establishment in the far southwestern corner of Oklahoma. The highlight of this social outing, which must have included many compelling and edifying...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
research papers
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11/02/2008
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SummaryThe author of this meager submission once attended a birthday banquet at the local McDonald’s establishment in the far southwestern corner of Oklahoma. The highlight of this social outing, which must have included many compelling and edifying moments, consisted of a game in which contestants were forced to stand and drop straws from their mouths in order to land them in awaiting cups on the ground. This event rounded off a long series of rituals which left every attendee with the feeling that he/she had been part of a successful attempt at remembering another child’s day of birth.
As socially significant as this party had been, it in no way compares to the complex social implications and expectations which accompanied banquets in the Greco-Roman world. These often extravagant affairs were endeavors which sought to appease more than a six year old anticipating wrapped-up toys, ice-cream and friends. Instead, in a world where personal honor and stratification were of highest significance, banquets functioned as tools for the betterment or detriment of everyone involved. An examination of these diverse but common dinners will undoubtedly lead to a deeper understanding of New Testament teachings, specifically those concerning table fellowship and feasts, by providing important historical background.
As socially significant as this party had been, it in no way compares to the complex social implications and expectations which accompanied banquets in the Greco-Roman world. These often extravagant affairs were endeavors which sought to appease more than a six year old anticipating wrapped-up toys, ice-cream and friends. Instead, in a world where personal honor and stratification were of highest significance, banquets functioned as tools for the betterment or detriment of everyone involved. An examination of these diverse but common dinners will undoubtedly lead to a deeper understanding of New Testament teachings, specifically those concerning table fellowship and feasts, by providing important historical background.
Table of Contents
- Introduction.
- Greco-Roman Banquets.
- Social Purposes and Layout of Banquets.
- Banquets in the Ministry of Jesus.
- Banquets in the Writings of Paul.
- Conclusion.
«David Brooks’ “People Like Us” is an analytical essay on the issue of diversity seen from the eyes of the author. Brooks takes an emotional point of view of the way in which we take for granted how diverse our nation is although it is “relatively...» Document abstract
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date published
06/02/2008
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SummaryDavid Brooks’ “People Like Us” is an analytical essay on the issue of diversity seen from the eyes of the author. Brooks takes an emotional point of view of the way in which we take for granted how diverse our nation is although it is “relatively homogeneous” when looked at closely (Brooks 423). He believes that it is our nature to group ourselves with those who we are most alike, and in doing so, separating ourselves from those who are different. Using certain statistics to support his argument, Brooks points out that the segmentation created by us will always exist everywhere for one reason or the other.
Table of Contents
- Brooks argues - they will not find a neighborhood that is diverse in which no one is alike.
- Brooks' argument is supported by his use of statistics.
- Brooks is very passionate of his statement.
- The author is successful in reaching his readers through personal experience.
- Sense of hypocrisy in his writing.
- Brooks' analysis of the diversity in America.
«There is much debate about what it is we actually perceive of the world, if anything at all. In this essay I wish to focus on the theory of Direct Realism, and show why I believe it to be the correct theory. I will show this by looking at all the...» Document abstract
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humanities/philosophy
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date published
04/01/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryThere is much debate about what it is we actually perceive of the world, if anything at all. In this essay I wish to focus on the theory of Direct Realism, and show why I believe it to be the correct theory. I will show this by looking at all the main objections to Direct Realism, and show that they can be dealt with by the Direct Realist. The reason for doing this is because for any other perceptual theory to be correct, then Direct Realism must be refuted. If it cannot be refuted, then theories that are logically incompatible with it, such as Indirect Realism, must be false. Before I do this I will give some background information about Direct Realism and its main counterpart, Indirect Realism.
Table of Contents
- Direct Realism.
- The time-lag argument.
- The partial character of perception argument.
- A more successful objection to Direct Realism will be the argument from illusion.
- The most forceful of all the arguments - argument from hallucination.
«The Samkhya School of philosophy has what I believe to be an agnostic note on the nature of creation and on the existence of God, although not atheistic in the sense that there is still a cause for evolution. In this essay I will try to show how the...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
school essay
date published
04/01/2008
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SummaryThe Samkhya School of philosophy has what I believe to be an agnostic note on the nature of creation and on the existence of God, although not atheistic in the sense that there is still a cause for evolution. In this essay I will try to show how the Samkhya idea of creation is appealing but it does have some problems associated with it. In my opinion it does adequately show a way in which things could have been created without the need for a creationist God.
Table of Contents
- The main arguments set out in the Samkhyakarika.
- Another important part of the Samkhya philosophy is the gunas.
- One thing that at this point seems unclear is the purpose of all this change within Nature.
- Now we come to some objections discussed in the commentary of verse 56.
- This leads to a further objection.
- The actions of insentient Nature are due neither to selfishness nor to pity.
Can Knowledge Be Characterised as Justified True Belief? What Would a Better Account of Knowledge Look like?
«There have been many attempts over the years to try and define what constitutes knowledge. Up until the early 1960’s, the general consensus was that the tripartite analysis of knowledge was correct. However, it is now widely accepted that this is...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
school essay
date published
04/01/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryThere have been many attempts over the years to try and define what constitutes knowledge. Up until the early 1960’s, the general consensus was that the tripartite analysis of knowledge was correct. However, it is now widely accepted that this is not the case, due to the work of Edmund Gettier (Analysis 23, 1967). However, although Gettier pioneered the way forward in the analysis of knowledge, he did not offer a satisfactory attempt to correct the tripartite analysis. In this essay I will try to show how Gettier exposes the flaws within the tripartite analysis. I will also show why I believe Gettier’s answer to be incomplete, looking at an attempt to add to his ideas. The best attempt to correct or add to the Gettier analysis is by Alvin Goldman. (1967). He proposes a causal theory of knowledge, which I will look at later on.
Table of Contents
- The tripartite analysis characterises knowledge as justified true belief.
- The man who will get the car has six pounds in his wallet.
- There are many advantages to Goldman's theory.
- Goldman does not necessarily mean inference in an explicit, conscious process of inference.
- There are some further objections to the theory that must be explored.
«It is my opinion that the distinction between self and body, as set out in the Vaisesika and mentioned in the Vedanta (Sourcebook, 1957, pp121-138, 386-423) , is an extremely cogent theory which seems to be able to reply to most objections raised to...» Document abstract
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Language : english
humanities/philosophy
school essay
date published
04/01/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryIt is my opinion that the distinction between self and body, as set out in the Vaisesika and mentioned in the Vedanta (Sourcebook, 1957, pp121-138, 386-423) , is an extremely cogent theory which seems to be able to reply to most objections raised to it. In this essay I will attempt to show how this theory works and any problems that are raised regarding it. I will also show the similarities and differences between the theory of self and body in the Vaisesika and the Bhagavad-Gita, and show how the Vaisesika seems to have the upper hand in the area of dispute between the two (Chakrabarti, 1999, chs 2-10).
Table of Contents
- In the Vaisesika the self, or atman, is described as being imperceptible.
- The Vaisesika also says that consciousness cannot belong to the sense-organs.
- The mind cannot contain the self or consciousness.
- Whatever is unoriginated is nonexistent.
- The Vaisesika believe that saying ‘the self does not exist' is equal to saying ‘I do not exist?.
- There is one major difference between the theories of the Vaisesika and the Bhagavad-Gita.
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