« IMMUNOLOGICAL ACCEPTANCE OF THE CONCEPTUS Over the last half century, many attempts to explain the survival of the semiallogenic fetal graft have been proposed ...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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26/11/2007
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SummaryOver the last half century, many attempts to explain the survival of the semiallogenic fetal graft have been proposed. One of the earliest explanations was based on the theory of antigenic immaturity of the embryo-fetus. This was disproved by Billingham (1964) who showed that transplantation (HLA) antigens are demonstrable very early in embryonic life. The trophoblasts are the only cells of the conceptus in direct contact with maternal tissues or blood and these tissues are genetically identical with fetal tissues. Another explanation was based on diminished immunological responsiveness of the pregnant woman. There is, however, no evidence for this to be other than an ancillary factor. In a third explanation, the uterus (decidua) is proposed as an immunologically privileged tissue site. Clearly, transplantation immunity can be evoked and expressed in the uterus as in other tissues. Therefore, the acceptance and the survival of the conceptus in the maternal uterus must be attributed to an immunological peculiarity of the trophoblasts, not the decidua.
Table of Contents
- CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH
- IMMUNOCOMPETENCY OF THE TROPHOBLASTS.
- TROPHOBLAST HLA CLASS I EXPRESSION
- UTERINE LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES (LGLs)
- HLA-G EXPRESSION IN HUMAN TROPHOBLASTS.
- HLA EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN EMBRYO
- IMPLANTATION AND INTEGRIN SWITCHING
- TROPHOBLAST ATTACHMENT IN DECIDUA: ONCOFETAL FIBRONECTIN.
« This is an extraordinarily important arrangement for communication between fetus and mother and for maternal (immunological) acceptance of the conceptus. ...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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26/11/2007
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SummaryThe extravillous and villous trophoblasts are the embryonic-fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the placental arm; the avascular fetal membranes—the amnion and chorion laeve—are the fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the paracrine arm of this system.
The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi; fetal blood is contained within fetal capillaries, which traverse within the intravillous spaces of the villi. This is a hemochorioendothelial type of placenta. The paracrine arm of this system links the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue.
The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi; fetal blood is contained within fetal capillaries, which traverse within the intravillous spaces of the villi. This is a hemochorioendothelial type of placenta. The paracrine arm of this system links the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue.
Table of Contents
- The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi
- EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- FERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM AND CLEAVAGE OF THE ZYGOTE
- THE EARLY HUMAN ZYGOTE.
- IMPLANTATION
- BIOLOGY OF THE TROPHOBLAST
- DIFFERENTIATION.
- FORMATION OF THE SYNCYTIUM
« The fundamental components of immunological acceptance of the conceptus, maternal recognition of pregnancy, placental development, pregnancy maintenance, and ...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
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date published
20/11/2007
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SummaryEndometrium/decidua is the anatomical site of blastocyst apposition, implantation, and placental development. The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity and the decidua is the highly modified and specialized endometrium of pregnancy. From an evolutionary perspective, the human endometrium is highly developed in order to accommodate a hemochorioendothelial type of placentation. Endometrial development of a magnitude similar to that observed in women, that is with special spiral (or coiling) arteries, is restricted to only the catarrhine primates—such as humans, great apes, and Old World monkeys. Trophoblasts of the blastocyst invade these endometrial arteries during implantation and placentation to establish uteroplacental vessels.
Table of Contents
- MATERNAL TISSUES OF THE FETAL-MATERNAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE UTERUS
- OVERVIEW OF ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION
- THE ACCOMMODATION OF PREGNANCY IS THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOMETRIUM/DECIDUA.
- SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS OF THE DECIDUA.
- ESTROGEN ACTION.
- PROGESTERONE ACTION.
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