« Information System's Theory Background of the Author Karl E. Weick is one of the most influential people when it comes to organizational strategy and ...» Document abstract
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2 word format
Language : english
computer science
school essay
date published
17/12/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryKarl E. Weick is one of the most influential people when it comes to organizational strategy and information systems. He was born on October 31, 1936 in Warsaw, Ind. and has served as a theorist and information specialist for many years, most recently at the University of Michigan (where he teaches in the Ross School of Business).
In this paper I will be discussing Weick’s information system’s theory, one of his most well known, but in the past he has contributed many important theories and publications.
In this paper I will be discussing Weick’s information system’s theory, one of his most well known, but in the past he has contributed many important theories and publications.
Table of Contents
- Background of the author.
- Central thesis being proposed.
- Significant concepts and ideas.
- Reasons for theory selection.
- The extent of a 'Good Theory?.
« When l is large, the mutual information or accuracy is large shown to exhibit Zipfian be- haviour , a system's fitting to Zipf 's law and music In view of a ...» Document abstract
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59 word format
Language : english
linguistics
presentation
date published
27/07/2006
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level : Expert
requested 15 times
SummaryThe hypothesis of Zipf concerning a universal Principle of Least Effort, manifesting itself in Zipf ’s law and modeled by Ferrer i Cancho and Sol´e in a signal-object reference matrix, gave rise to the idea that maybe the elements
in music that elicit our emotional responses can be identified. The unde- niable relation between music and emotion was the reason to consider a possible signal-emotion reference system analogous to the signal-object ref- erence in natural human language. Following Zipf ’s line of reasoning, music
as an exponent of human behaviour is subject to the Principle of Least Effort and is consequently structured in such a way that the distribution pattern
of the signals that “communicate the musical message” follows a power law.
In this thesis the possibility to deploy the characteristics of the Zipf curve to gain more insight into the relation between music and emotion was investi- gated. From the elements that, viewed in the framework of a signal-emotion reference could qualify as the signals that elicit emotion, two were investi- gated, viz. notes and intervals. Experiments were performed on 18 single classical music pieces from 18 different composers and on a larger classical music corpus. Results indicate that intervals have a distribution pattern that comes closest to a Zipf curve, but neither data type exhibits a gen- uine Zipf distribution. Further research will be needed to decide whether the method that was applied could be a useful tool in the search for the elements that elicit emotion.
in music that elicit our emotional responses can be identified. The unde- niable relation between music and emotion was the reason to consider a possible signal-emotion reference system analogous to the signal-object ref- erence in natural human language. Following Zipf ’s line of reasoning, music
as an exponent of human behaviour is subject to the Principle of Least Effort and is consequently structured in such a way that the distribution pattern
of the signals that “communicate the musical message” follows a power law.
In this thesis the possibility to deploy the characteristics of the Zipf curve to gain more insight into the relation between music and emotion was investi- gated. From the elements that, viewed in the framework of a signal-emotion reference could qualify as the signals that elicit emotion, two were investi- gated, viz. notes and intervals. Experiments were performed on 18 single classical music pieces from 18 different composers and on a larger classical music corpus. Results indicate that intervals have a distribution pattern that comes closest to a Zipf curve, but neither data type exhibits a gen- uine Zipf distribution. Further research will be needed to decide whether the method that was applied could be a useful tool in the search for the elements that elicit emotion.
Table of Contents
- Quantitative linguistics
- Frequency distributions
- Entropy
- Previous research
- Balancing effort
- Data types
- Corpus size
- Music and Zipf 's law
- Music and communication
- Music and emotion
- Research question
- Experimental setup
- Results
- The rank-frequency distribution of notes and intervals
« Agilent’s experience: pareto approach vs. TPM .. Western vs. Importance of having an online monitoring system to capture all information related to ...» Document abstract
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9 word format
Language : english
logistics
case study
date published
21/11/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 38 times
SummaryTotal Productive Maintenance (TPM) manufactures activities that are productive and implemented by everyone in the organization. The main focus of TPM is to maximize the overall equipment effectiveness of the asset which is utilized to produce the goods and services.
TPM focus on establishing good maintenance practice through five goals:
• Improving equipment effectiveness
TPM wants to insure the equipment can perform to design specifications. The effectiveness of facilities can be identified and examined by downtime losses, speed losses and defect losses.
• Improving maintenance effectiveness
TPM focus on maintenance activities which are carried out on the equipment are performed in a cost effective way.
• Early equipment management and maintenance prevention
This goal of TPM is to reduce maintenance activities required by the equipment. It involves the identification nature and preventive maintenance level which are required for the equipment, the creation standards for condition-based maintenance, and the respective responsibilities for both maintenance and operating staff.
• Training all staff in relevant maintenance skills
The maintenance and operating staff need to have all the necessary skills to carry out TPM. TPM emphasizes appropriate and continuous training.
• Involving Operators in Routine Maintenance
This goal is to let operators find maintenance tasks related to the equipment they perform. These tasks are about 10-40% of routine maintenance tasks performed on the equipment. Formerly engaged in these activities, maintenance resources can be redeployed in more advanced maintenance activities such as reliability focused maintenance activities or predictive maintenance.
TPM focus on establishing good maintenance practice through five goals:
• Improving equipment effectiveness
TPM wants to insure the equipment can perform to design specifications. The effectiveness of facilities can be identified and examined by downtime losses, speed losses and defect losses.
• Improving maintenance effectiveness
TPM focus on maintenance activities which are carried out on the equipment are performed in a cost effective way.
• Early equipment management and maintenance prevention
This goal of TPM is to reduce maintenance activities required by the equipment. It involves the identification nature and preventive maintenance level which are required for the equipment, the creation standards for condition-based maintenance, and the respective responsibilities for both maintenance and operating staff.
• Training all staff in relevant maintenance skills
The maintenance and operating staff need to have all the necessary skills to carry out TPM. TPM emphasizes appropriate and continuous training.
• Involving Operators in Routine Maintenance
This goal is to let operators find maintenance tasks related to the equipment they perform. These tasks are about 10-40% of routine maintenance tasks performed on the equipment. Formerly engaged in these activities, maintenance resources can be redeployed in more advanced maintenance activities such as reliability focused maintenance activities or predictive maintenance.
Table of Contents
- What is TPM?.
- Benefits of TPM.
- History of TPM.
- Total productive maintenance: from 5S to the 7 pillars .
- Company experiences with TPM.
- Siemens Malacca.
- MRC Bearings’ experience.
- Agilent’s experience: pareto approach vs. TPM .
- Western vs. Japanese TPM Approach.
«IPOs and the Issue of Information. Winners and losers in EDF’s IPO. In a system dominated by market financing, flotation appears often to be a mandatory step ...» Document abstract
$9.95
16 word format
Language : english
finance
presentation
date published
23/11/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 53 times
SummaryInitial Public Offerings (IPOs) have a very special place in contemporary economics and finance. They represent the entrance on a deep and liquid market with access to almost unlimited reserves of capital from all over the world. But IPOs appear also as a short-term fund-raising tool, especially used during the high tech bubble of the late 1990s from new, innovative and invincible-looking start-up companies from the Silicon Valley. In those years, investment bankers (who set up IPOs for the companies going public) thrived and were sacred “kings of capitalism” by The Economist. Since then, the euphoria vanished but IPOs continued at a respectable pace.
Between 1980 and 2001, the number of IPOs in the US exceeded one per business day. The distribution was not equal: in 1999 and 2000 alone, 900 companies went public. What is more, the IPO business has reached global importance, raising $167 billion around the world in 2005 with 1537 operations. During the period 1998-2004, North America represented 27% of the global market, Europe, Africa and the Middle East combined 42% and Asia-Pacific 31%. The trends of globalization are thus reflecting on the IPO business worldwide: dominance of the US market (on a country basis comparison) and rise of East Asia (especially China).
In a system dominated by market financing, flotation appears often to be a mandatory step in the life of a company above a certain size. We do not discuss in this paper IPOs under this perspective of structural necessity; rather we question the short-term stakes of going public. Besides the strategic choice to be listed on the stock market, what are the immediate objectives of an IPO? It has certainly become, especially since the internet bubble, a corporate financing tool, along with private equity and mergers and acquisitions, aimed at raising funds in a short period of time. Thus, we consider here IPOs under this aspect of short-term financing, even if it has obviously much broader implications.
We can define the objectives of an IPO for a company as follows: raise the maximum value possible through the flotation, and assure a stable and, if possible, increasing price in the aftermarket. The second objective depends partly on the first one, which is basically the direct result of the sale price. Setting the price of the stock to be traded publicly is the greatest challenge in the IPO process, as it determines the equity allocation among investors and the subsequent trading price on the market. Financial theories give no final answer as to what method is the best. Hence the perpetuation of the academic debate.
We have chosen to envision IPOs, the challenges they pose to efficient markets and the theoretical answers to those, through game theory. This approach allows us to detect where inefficiencies occur, what the different motivations of the actors involved are and what possible solutions have been proposed and tested. Game theory appears to us as the best tool to study market inefficiencies by offering a special opportunity to have a critical outlook on market mechanisms and the effects of strategic interaction upon them.
Therefore, we will first present the challenges which IPOs pose to efficient markets (section one). Then we will detail an alternative mechanism for setting the price in an IPO process – auctions: what are their advantages and drawbacks (section 2)? Finally, we will study the flotation of EDF, one of the greatest IPOs in the world in the last years, a rare example of overpricing and also a subject of polemics in France (section 3).
Between 1980 and 2001, the number of IPOs in the US exceeded one per business day. The distribution was not equal: in 1999 and 2000 alone, 900 companies went public. What is more, the IPO business has reached global importance, raising $167 billion around the world in 2005 with 1537 operations. During the period 1998-2004, North America represented 27% of the global market, Europe, Africa and the Middle East combined 42% and Asia-Pacific 31%. The trends of globalization are thus reflecting on the IPO business worldwide: dominance of the US market (on a country basis comparison) and rise of East Asia (especially China).
In a system dominated by market financing, flotation appears often to be a mandatory step in the life of a company above a certain size. We do not discuss in this paper IPOs under this perspective of structural necessity; rather we question the short-term stakes of going public. Besides the strategic choice to be listed on the stock market, what are the immediate objectives of an IPO? It has certainly become, especially since the internet bubble, a corporate financing tool, along with private equity and mergers and acquisitions, aimed at raising funds in a short period of time. Thus, we consider here IPOs under this aspect of short-term financing, even if it has obviously much broader implications.
We can define the objectives of an IPO for a company as follows: raise the maximum value possible through the flotation, and assure a stable and, if possible, increasing price in the aftermarket. The second objective depends partly on the first one, which is basically the direct result of the sale price. Setting the price of the stock to be traded publicly is the greatest challenge in the IPO process, as it determines the equity allocation among investors and the subsequent trading price on the market. Financial theories give no final answer as to what method is the best. Hence the perpetuation of the academic debate.
We have chosen to envision IPOs, the challenges they pose to efficient markets and the theoretical answers to those, through game theory. This approach allows us to detect where inefficiencies occur, what the different motivations of the actors involved are and what possible solutions have been proposed and tested. Game theory appears to us as the best tool to study market inefficiencies by offering a special opportunity to have a critical outlook on market mechanisms and the effects of strategic interaction upon them.
Therefore, we will first present the challenges which IPOs pose to efficient markets (section one). Then we will detail an alternative mechanism for setting the price in an IPO process – auctions: what are their advantages and drawbacks (section 2)? Finally, we will study the flotation of EDF, one of the greatest IPOs in the world in the last years, a rare example of overpricing and also a subject of polemics in France (section 3).
Table of Contents
- IPOs and challenges to market efficiency
- IPOs and the Issue of Information
- Distortion mechanisms and waste of value through underpricing
- The key role of investment banks
- The auction model for setting the price: a viable alternative ?
- The main features of the auction model
- Game theory and auctions
- An illustration with Google’s IPO
- A case sStudy of EDF’s IPO
- Main characteristics of the state-initiated offer
- Winners and losers in EDF’s IPO
- Lessons from the IPO: the case for overpricing?
« rivals produced by the anarchic international system. and the provision of technical information and intellectual Shahram Chubin, Robert S. Litwak, "Debating ...» Document abstract
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9 word format
Language : english
international relations
worksheets
date published
24/03/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 13 times
Summary As diplomats from the 190 signatory countries gather in New York this week for the five-yearly review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Iran will surely be present in many minds. Although some warning signs had been issued by various intelligence services during the previous decade, concern over Iran’s nuclear programme became widespread in August 2002, with the discovery of the Natanz installation, destined for uranium enrichment. In October 2003, an agreement was reached in Tehran, between Iran and the foreign ministers of the three “big” members of the European Union, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Iran agreed to suspend all enrichment-related activities, adhere to the International Atomic Energy Agency’s additional protocol requiring more intrusive inspections, and provide full information about its nuclear programme. In return, the EU-3 promised that the issue would not go before the UN Security Council and pledged to provide technology to Iran, including in the civil nuclear area. However, the IAEA later found that a report submitted by Iran omitted references to activities involving advanced centrifuges and to the production of polonium, a material used in the making of nuclear bombs.
Table of Contents
- Based on your reading of the literature on nuclear proliferation, what would be an appropriate strategy toward Iran's alleged nuclear programme' Discuss with reference either to the policies of a particular state, international organization, or, more generally, the international community
Les internautes ont également acheté « to the public's access to "information from diverse sources." A free market economic system is based Herman, Edward S. and Chomsky, Noam (1988), Manufacturing ...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
journalism
school essay
date published
29/08/2007
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level : General public
requested 5 times
SummaryThe First Amendment to the United States Constitution states that, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances” (quoted in McChesney, 2004, p. 26). Ideally, the “free press” clause ensures that individuals may use the means of mass communication to engage in robust political debate through an open exchange of information and ideas, which must be its primary function in a democratic system of government.
Table of Contents
- The functions of mass media in their current commercialized state often prove to be in conflict with this democratic function.
- The former occurred in 1945, following a breakthrough in news distribution.
- The U.S. government filed an injunction against the AP and the Supreme Court upheld it.
- The consolidation of the AP and Western Union created a single commercial entity with unchallenged control over both the content and distribution of an entire medium.
- For example, under the previous regulations, no company could own more than 40 total radio stations
- Then-FCC chairman Michael Powell and others who supported the deregulation measures based their argument on a theory of democracy through free enterprise
- One such flaw is the uneven distribution of resources
- In an advertising-based media market, there is a high premium placed on the ability to attract advertisers
- Even if one concludes that the current market system is the most effective way to facilitate the exchange of conventional consumer products, there are certain aspects of media markets that make them drastically different from those of most other industries.
« and statistics., * French, S. (1984), " Interactive Kyparisis GJ (1996), "Theory and methodology model for interdependent information system project selection ...» Document abstract
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43 word format
Language : english
math
research papers
date published
18/08/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 12 times
SummaryThis report considers the role of optimisation in the asset management of a large distribution network. In particular, we look at how to determine the optimal policy for project release. Projects relating to replacement of existing assets and network re-design may be prioritised given capital rationing and/or performance improvement requirements. We focus on maintenance and replacement of a large distribution network (network structured system) and consider the application to electricity distribution networks. The electricity companies who own the UK electricity distribution networks are under pressure to provide a high quality supply to customers at minimum cost. For this particular problem a zero-one integer linear programming model is proposed for selecting an optimal project portfolio, based on the objectives and constraints of the network owner. The modelling approach described in this study would extend to the financial investment appraisal of capital projects for a broad range of manufacturing and energy related industries such as power generation, refining and water supply.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Optimisation in network asset management
- Aim of research
- Approach
- Asset management within the UK electricity industry
- Historical evolution of electricity in the UK
- The costs and benefits of the restructuring and privatisation of the U.K. Electricity Supply
- The network asset management framework
- How should an electricity supply company optimise its network
- Distinction between ‘Main', ‘Branch' and ‘Spur?
- Previous work in network and asset modelling within UK electricity companies
- Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approaches
- Conclusions and remaining issues
« we have extended our central nervous system itself in receive only the sort of information which predominates the worldview of the strongest nation(s): USA and ...» Document abstract
$6.95
7 word format
Language : english
journalism
presentation
date published
25/01/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 31 times
Summary How is individual identity constructed in the environment of global information and media flows? How valid is Marshall Mac Luhan’s global village concept in this environment?
Nowadays, each of us is aware from the pattern of our everyday lives that there have been lots of changes linked with the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and globalization. Scholars have increasingly begun to talk about Information society and about the fact that people are entering a new age of information, a new mode of information. Almost all agree to point out that quantitative changes in information are bringing into being a qualitative new sort of social system. In such a context globalization seems to make reference to a space where the global and the local interact using ICT as a tool. More than an increasingly internationalisation of affairs ( meaning more links between autonomous states) that process is also a growing interdependence and interpenetration of human relations and an integration of world’s social and economic life. Then, it consists of changes which strongly affect both the local and national spaces. All those changes lead people to face a new digital environment, which reaches beyond the roots and the referents used by individuals to construct their identity, which is not stable. Then what are the role of the media flows and global information in that search? Firstly, Mac Luhan theory of global village seems to be a good starting point to see how media flows and the spread of global information can change the construction of identity and make people more eager to develop a global identity. Nevertheless, such changes are the cause of different fears and withdrawals to defence some people’s identity and this concept is asking some questions. Indeed, people have finally to construct their identities in combining the global and local necessities.
Nowadays, each of us is aware from the pattern of our everyday lives that there have been lots of changes linked with the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and globalization. Scholars have increasingly begun to talk about Information society and about the fact that people are entering a new age of information, a new mode of information. Almost all agree to point out that quantitative changes in information are bringing into being a qualitative new sort of social system. In such a context globalization seems to make reference to a space where the global and the local interact using ICT as a tool. More than an increasingly internationalisation of affairs ( meaning more links between autonomous states) that process is also a growing interdependence and interpenetration of human relations and an integration of world’s social and economic life. Then, it consists of changes which strongly affect both the local and national spaces. All those changes lead people to face a new digital environment, which reaches beyond the roots and the referents used by individuals to construct their identity, which is not stable. Then what are the role of the media flows and global information in that search? Firstly, Mac Luhan theory of global village seems to be a good starting point to see how media flows and the spread of global information can change the construction of identity and make people more eager to develop a global identity. Nevertheless, such changes are the cause of different fears and withdrawals to defence some people’s identity and this concept is asking some questions. Indeed, people have finally to construct their identities in combining the global and local necessities.
Table of Contents
- Media and information flows provided by ICTs entail a new way to construct a global identity
- With the globalization, the generalization of communication networks and the spread of information, people seem to face a huge digital environment which offers them a space for competing ideas and images and for constructing their identity
- Marshall Mc Luhan's ´global village´
- End of ´given identity´, fears and withdrawals: individuals have to cope with confusion
- Thanks to the global information and the media flows, 'identity as a task' take the place of ´identity as a gift´
- The complexity to build identity for individuals among that new digital interconnected environment has generated some fears
- Nostalgia for the local
- Individuals construct their identity in constant interaction with global media but always locally
« of structure that will function with the lexicon and the rule system. a listener can not find an existing common semantic information schema, s/he can ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
linguistics
research papers
date published
03/01/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 0 times
SummaryA novel word is one that is not found in the lexicon of the general population; in other words, it is a word that people have not heard or seen previously. A novel compound is a compound word formed out of two or more individual known words where the combination of these words has not previously been recorded. So, one might wonder how listeners are able to interpret compound words they have never heard before. A method involving semantic schemas has been proposed by Mary Ellen Ryder.
Table of Contents
- Reviewing the criteria for determining a true compound including.
- Ryder's view of language.
- Relative cue reliability.
- Experiments conducted by Ryder.
Credibility is a critical resource at start up and represents an important element of the entrepreneur’s personal contact network
« engage itself in networking, and locate itself in the system. and trying to get control over the information related to Ali, H. and Birley, S. (1998), `The ...» Document abstract
$5.95
6 word format
Language : english
management
presentation
date published
14/12/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 9 times
SummaryTraditionally, entrepreneurs have been considered as individuals with a strong, often charismatic, leadership as well as a high drive for individualism and independence. However, a business unit does not exist in isolation since it is, or will be, in contact with a whole range of other organisations. Porter and Ketels’ (2003, p45) study of British competitiveness noticed business networking often plays a particularly important role in the diffusion of new management best practice and innovation. This is particularly relevant for entrepreneurial start-ups if we consider Schumpeter’s analysis that the entrepreneur leads the way in creating new industries. Thus, entrepreneurs are bound to cooperate at most during the creation of their company, which is a critical step for businesses survival, as the initial resources on which they can rely on are limited. A means to overcome this is the credibility these businesses can get from their network. However, there are no studies on credibility in the fields of entrepreneurship, as research has been linked only with marketing and organisational behaviour (Ali & Birley, 1998, p750).
Sociological studies have suggested that credibility is made up of meriting trust or confidence, as well as being able to persuade as a person or message source, which is generally associated with prestige. This has an impact on a network that consists of single nodes (actors) and connections between these nodes (dyads), (Walker 1988, p228). Firstly, this paper reviews the existing literature on the credibility of the entrepreneur. Secondly, the problem encountered while entering the network will be discussed. Finally, the essay will analyse the structure of networks related to the services provided by partners and to start-up success. The paper critically examines empirical studies on the subject, in order to highlight the features and weaknesses which could possibly be the object of further research.
Sociological studies have suggested that credibility is made up of meriting trust or confidence, as well as being able to persuade as a person or message source, which is generally associated with prestige. This has an impact on a network that consists of single nodes (actors) and connections between these nodes (dyads), (Walker 1988, p228). Firstly, this paper reviews the existing literature on the credibility of the entrepreneur. Secondly, the problem encountered while entering the network will be discussed. Finally, the essay will analyse the structure of networks related to the services provided by partners and to start-up success. The paper critically examines empirical studies on the subject, in order to highlight the features and weaknesses which could possibly be the object of further research.
Table of Contents
- Basis for credibility
- The problem met while networking
- The advantages of the Entrepreneurs' network
knowledge network
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