Is the United Nations running the same risk as its predecessor the League of Nations of being made marginal or even irrelevant? Why or why not?
«'The League is dead, long live the United Nations!' This is with these words that Lord Robert
Cecil, one of the architects of the League of Nations, commented on the dissolution of the
organization, in the spring 1946, expressing the apparent...» Document abstract
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Summary'The League is dead, long live the United Nations!' This is with these words that Lord Robert
Cecil, one of the architects of the League of Nations, commented on the dissolution of the
organization, in the spring 1946, expressing the apparent readiness to write the League off as a failure and to regard the UN as a brand new organization with a new look on world problems of peace and security. Established on 24th October 1945 by 51 countries as an outcome of the initiatives taken by the United States, the USSR, Great-Britain and China, it had, according to its Charter, four purposes: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations . Still there after sixty years of existence, the UN can, therefore be seen as a successful organization, but some recent events, for instance the Anglo-American intervention in Iraq without the approval of the Security Council, ask the question of its current efficiency and relevance. Is it, like the League, running the risk of being made marginal or
irrelevant? As A.Leroy Bennett explains 'the success of modern International organizations is most
often judged on the basis of their handling of disputes and their utility in avoiding wars' . This is why I will mostly focus on this peace maintenance and security issues when dealing with the subject.
Table of Contents- The reasons why the League failed
- The ways in which the UN has distinguished itself from the League to rule more effectively
- The main difficulties the UN has and is still facing
Why has the UN Charter remained a central plank of international order, even though it was formulated in wartime by only a few of the victorious powers?
«'If we had had this Charter a few years ago-and above all, the will to use it- millions now dead
would be alive. If we should falter in the future in our will to use it, millions now living will surely
die.' (Truman) This quotation shows the...» Document abstract
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Summary'If we had had this Charter a few years ago-and above all, the will to use it- millions now dead
would be alive. If we should falter in the future in our will to use it, millions now living will surely
die.' (Truman) This quotation shows the ambition the Charter has and the hope its conceivers had
for it to be respected and applied... Since it has come into being it has remained a central plank of
international order. In this essay, we will try to answer why it has done so, even though it was
formulated in wartime and by only a few of the victorious powers. We will see that there are many
reasons for this.
Table of Contents- Definition of the main concepts
- The reasons for the successful evolution of the Charter of the UN in the creation and maintenance of international order: its flexibility in interpretation, its uniqueness, its period of creation, its creators, its utopian but realisable principles and its adaptability to a changing world
- The possible reforms of the Charter which could help it to renew itself and remain a central plank of international order in the future
«“Veni, vidi, vici”[I came, I saw, I conquered] Julius Caesar. This quote from one of the most
famous Roman generals reflects the principle of a major phenomenon in international
relations: empires, a phenomenon which dates back as far as 2334...» Document abstract
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Summary“Veni, vidi, vici...”[I came, I saw, I conquered] Julius Caesar. This quote from one of the most
famous Roman generals reflects the principle of a major phenomenon in international
relations: empires, a phenomenon which dates back as far as 2334 BC with the reign of Sargon
of Akkad, and which has progressively led to the globalized world of the present day. The term
'empire' comes from the Latin imperare meaning 'supreme rule or absolute power'. However,
although the primary aim of an Empire is to gain power, empires always aspire to something
greater: a new international order under their control and reflecting their values, which may
sometimes prove beneficial for their acquired territories. Is each age doomed (or blessed?) with
the existence of one major imperial power? As the foundations of power evolve, so will the
nature of the Imperial powers. Our study of empires will focus on three main sets of Imperial
powers: the pre-modern empires, the modern empires and finally post-modern empire.
We will argue that although each era saw the rise of a major Imperial power, and sometimes
benefited from its presence, the implementation of power by definition implies the subjugation
of other peoples. Most empires attempt to legitimise their domination: however the basis of
territorial expansion remains the attack on the fundamental right to freedom and selfdetermination.
Table of Contents- The pre-modern empires based on military domination and strategies
- The modern empires or the phenomenon of imperialism which took its roots in the development of trade
- Post-modern empire, which resides in the American capitalist and liberal ideology
«In 1995, the 200 most powerful multi-national corporations controlled approximately one third
of the world GNP The turnover of these companies sometimes exceeds the GNP of some
countries: one example is General Motors which with a turnover of 132...» Document abstract
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SummaryIn 1995, the 200 most powerful multi-national corporations controlled approximately one third
of the world GNP The turnover of these companies sometimes exceeds the GNP of some
countries: one example is General Motors which with a turnover of 132 billion dollars surpasses
the GNP of Indonesia. Confronted with the power of these companies, one must acknowledge
their importance in international relations, in the context of a capitalist world economy.
Capitalism is “an economic system in which all or most of the means of production and
distribution are privately owned and operated in a relatively competitive environment through
the investment of capital to produce profits” . Since the collapse of communism following the
fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, capitalism has become the hegemonic ideal and the dominant
economic trend. Criticism of this ideology however, has not ceased, considering that nearly half
the world's population (2.8 billion people) live on less than US$2 per day. This raises the
question of whether capitalism is a positive force in international relations and what are its
consequences for both developed and third world countries.
Table of Contents- The theory of capitalism and the benefits promoted, notably progress
- The negative reality of its effect on state relations and world order in general
«Dissertation en anglais. La construction européenne peut être envisagée à la fois comme une chance et une menace pour le crime organisé: ouverture des frontières, mais aussi possibilités de coopération entre les Etats membres. Cependant, des...» Document abstract
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SummaryDissertation en anglais. La construction européenne peut être envisagée à la fois comme une chance et une menace pour le crime organisé: ouverture des frontières, mais aussi possibilités de coopération entre les Etats membres. Cependant, des obstacles institutionnels et juridiques demeurent, qui empêchent une lutte plus efficace contre le crime organisé.
Table of Contents- A strategy based on co-operation
- What has been achieved so far?
- Legitimacy and identity
Les internautes ont également acheté «As diplomats from the 190 signatory countries gather in New York this week for the five-yearly review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Iran will surely be present in many minds. Although some warning signs had been issued by various...» Document abstract
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Summary As diplomats from the 190 signatory countries gather in New York this week for the five-yearly review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Iran will surely be present in many minds. Although some warning signs had been issued by various intelligence services during the previous decade, concern over Iran’s nuclear programme became widespread in August 2002, with the discovery of the Natanz installation, destined for uranium enrichment. In October 2003, an agreement was reached in Tehran, between Iran and the foreign ministers of the three “big” members of the European Union, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Iran agreed to suspend all enrichment-related activities, adhere to the International Atomic Energy Agency’s additional protocol requiring more intrusive inspections, and provide full information about its nuclear programme. In return, the EU-3 promised that the issue would not go before the UN Security Council and pledged to provide technology to Iran, including in the civil nuclear area. However, the IAEA later found that a report submitted by Iran omitted references to activities involving advanced centrifuges and to the production of polonium, a material used in the making of nuclear bombs.
Table of Contents- Based on your reading of the literature on nuclear proliferation, what would be an appropriate strategy toward Iran's alleged nuclear programme' Discuss with reference either to the policies of a particular state, international organization, or, more generally, the international community
Les internautes ont également acheté «The conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina began shortly after the republic declared its independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in March 1992 and lasted nearly four years. A cease-fire was called in September 1995. A...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina began shortly after the republic declared its independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in March 1992 and lasted nearly four years. A cease-fire was called in September 1995. A general framework agreement (the “Dayton Agreement”) was signed in Dayton, USA on 21 November 1995 and subsequently in Paris, France by the presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. The Dayton Agreement secured the continuation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign state within internationally recognized borders. It established a number of important principles designed to stabilize the country and allow the process of reconstruction and reconciliation to begin. Among other things, it recognized that the country was comprised of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which controls 51 per cent of the territory, effectively a Bosnian-Croat federation that is further divided along ethnic lines at the cantonal and municipal levels; and Republika Srpska (the Serbian republic), which controls 49 per cent, and where there is no cantonal administration. The two entities are divided by an Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL), which, on the whole, runs along the cease-fire line. The Dayton Agreement also established a 4-km-wide Zone of Separation (ZoS) between the two entities.
As a result of the fighting, some 250,000 people are dead or missing and 200,000 were injured out of a population that numbered 4.4 million in 1991. In addition, approximately 3 million people have been displaced. One lasting legacy of the war is the problem of landmines. Although armed hostilities between the various factions officially ended in December 1995, mines continue to have severe human, social, medical and economic consequences for the country. The effects of landmines are widespread and have an impact at all levels of society.
As a result of the fighting, some 250,000 people are dead or missing and 200,000 were injured out of a population that numbered 4.4 million in 1991. In addition, approximately 3 million people have been displaced. One lasting legacy of the war is the problem of landmines. Although armed hostilities between the various factions officially ended in December 1995, mines continue to have severe human, social, medical and economic consequences for the country. The effects of landmines are widespread and have an impact at all levels of society.
Table of Contents- Background
- The Human Impact
- The impact of mines on living standards
«After WWII, various multilateral organizations have been promoted by the US and implemented through many international organizations such as the UN, the GATT and the IMF. Overtime, multilateral co-operation dramatically developed in different forms...» Document abstract
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Summary After WWII, various multilateral organizations have been promoted by the US and implemented through many international organizations such as the UN, the GATT and the IMF. Overtime, multilateral co-operation dramatically developed in different forms (Summits, Conferences, etc...). However, critics of international organizations point to the unilateral tendency of American foreign policy. Therefore the pertinent question has to be asked: Are international relations today governed by multilateralism? However, it must be asserted that if multilateralism undergoes a crisis today, unilateralism is nevertheless not viable in a global world...
Table of Contents- Multilateralism is experiencing a crisis in world politics today
- The American foreign policy is increasingly acting in a unilateral or bilateral fashion
- The international organizations, pillars of multilateralim, are criticized
- Nevertheless, multilateralism remains present and viable in the long term in a global world
- Unilateralism is not viable in an interdependent and multipolar world
- Multilateralism is still developing in some fields and areas
«The end of Cold War brought new global challenges to the security field. The arousal of new forms of conflict, such as internal wars and terrorism made it important to rethink civilian protection as the centre of this new perspective of security....» Document abstract
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Summary The end of Cold War brought new global challenges to the security field. The arousal of new forms of conflict, such as internal wars and terrorism made it important to rethink civilian protection as the centre of this new perspective of security. Threats to security are no longer restricted to states, nor can the state protect its citizens from fear by conventional military action. In his speech appealing for a change in the way we think about security, Sergio Vieira de Mello , underlined the idea that « the security of states and the security of peoples are clearly intertwined, for the insecurity of peoples inexorably leads to the disintegration of states and to regional and international instability »...
Table of Contents- Human Security: a difficult definition.
- Human Security and Human Rights.
- Human Security and Human Development.
«Throughout his works J. Habermas has articulated a universalist vision of political life, studying the possibilities of a renewal of democracy in a globalized political environment. With The Postnational Constellation, Habermas focused on the moral...» Document abstract
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Summary Throughout his works J. Habermas has articulated a universalist vision of political life, studying the possibilities of a renewal of democracy in a globalized political environment. With The Postnational Constellation, Habermas focused on the moral and ethical dilemmas of the global postindustrial era, looking for the construction of an inclusive universalist moral framework of mutual understanding...
Table of Contents- From nationalism to constitutional patriotism, from the subject to the citizen
- Calling into question national identity
- Constitutional patriotism
- From the nation-state to the postnational constellation
- The end of nation-state
- Beyond the nation-state : the European Union ?
- A 'world domestic policy'?
- Toward cosmopolitan consciousness
- Cosmopolitan solidarity
- Cosmopolitanism and human rights
- Postmodern philosophy
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