«Political philosophers have been offering different ideologies regarding human nature and the development of governments for thousands of years. Some have claimed that humans are naturally good and compassionate whereas others have argued their...» Document abstract
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international relations
school essay
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23/04/2008
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SummaryPolitical philosophers have been offering different ideologies regarding human nature and the development of governments for thousands of years. Some have claimed that humans are naturally good and compassionate whereas others have argued their selfish and brutish nature. Civilizations have adopted communism, democracy, dictatorships and almost every other system of power imaginable. What seems to be a common understanding is that human beings need a system of government to ensure the preservation of their societies. However, governments often desire more power and begin to impose their rules and their will on people of other nations.
«Historical phenomena such as the abolition of slavery cannot be explained by isolating them from the larger global context that created the conditions for their existence. In his chapter titled Whose Abolition? Popular Pressure and the Ending of the...» Document abstract
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international relations
presentation
date published
19/04/2008
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SummaryHistorical phenomena such as the abolition of slavery cannot be explained by isolating them from the larger global context that created the conditions for their existence. In his chapter titled Whose Abolition? Popular Pressure and the Ending of the British Slave Trade, Seymor Drescher states: “The principal issues now revolve around the causal weight to be ascribed to different long-term and short-term variables, and the significance of countervailing tensions and ecological constraints on actors, timing and outcome” (p. 137). Thus, following Drescher's example, examining the causal relationships between various variables and drawing parallels between different ancient and modern societies' views on the role of slavery, its spread and eventual demise, as well the relationship between European economic, political and social changes, is the optimal starting point in understanding the European, and most notably the British, anti-slavery context and the reasons that brought about it. History is a continuum, comprised of actions and reactions and the abolishment of slavery is the result of one such global interplay of events.
key words- slavery, 19th century, Olatunji Ojo , slave-trade relations, africa, abolitionist movements , British Abolitionism , Islamic and Judea-Christian traditions, nondiscriminatory nature.
key words- slavery, 19th century, Olatunji Ojo , slave-trade relations, africa, abolitionist movements , British Abolitionism , Islamic and Judea-Christian traditions, nondiscriminatory nature.
«Overview
After the Cold War the majority of wars in Africa were "societal" while conflict between states was considerably rare. The inter-state wars were further prolonged and worsened by foreign support. Military assistance on part of Western...» Document abstract
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international relations
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SummaryOverview
After the Cold War the majority of wars in Africa were "societal" while conflict between states was considerably rare. The inter-state wars were further prolonged and worsened by foreign support. Military assistance on part of Western and Socialist countries is one of the common outside causes for many of the ethnic and inter-communal conflicts in several African regions (Marshall, 2005; Pollard & Odo, 2004).
Key Words- Conflicts, West Africa, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia
Case Study: Sierra Leone, RUF, Foday Saybana Sankoh, APC, The Abidjan Process, ECOMOG, AFRC-RUF, The Lome Agreement, ECOWAS, UNOMIL
After the Cold War the majority of wars in Africa were "societal" while conflict between states was considerably rare. The inter-state wars were further prolonged and worsened by foreign support. Military assistance on part of Western and Socialist countries is one of the common outside causes for many of the ethnic and inter-communal conflicts in several African regions (Marshall, 2005; Pollard & Odo, 2004).
Key Words- Conflicts, West Africa, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia
Case Study: Sierra Leone, RUF, Foday Saybana Sankoh, APC, The Abidjan Process, ECOMOG, AFRC-RUF, The Lome Agreement, ECOWAS, UNOMIL
«Western Civilization has been shaped by the many people and events that have witnessed its transformation from the dawn of the early modern period in 1500 up to the present day. The present word view has been formed by many events including the...» Document abstract
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international relations
presentation
date published
18/04/2008
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SummaryWestern Civilization has been shaped by the many people and events that have witnessed its transformation from the dawn of the early modern period in 1500 up to the present day. The present word view has been formed by many events including the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the Cold War. The Cold War had the most profound effect upon the world today and in years past, most specifically in regards to globalization. The world is a much smaller place, figuratively speaking, to live than years ago. As a result, nearly every country is interdependent upon the others. Trade, communications, transportation, and foreign relations have all had an influence globally, and in return have been influenced by the numerous events shaping civilization today.
«According to Stephen Hawking in A Brief History of Time, "a theory is a good theory
if it satisfies two requirements: It must accurately describe a large class of observations on
the basis of a model which contains only a few arbitrary elements,...» Document abstract
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Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
09/02/2008
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level : Advanced
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SummaryAccording to Stephen Hawking in A Brief History of Time, "a theory is a good theory
if it satisfies two requirements: It must accurately describe a large class of observations on
the basis of a model which contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite
predictions about the results of future observations". This definition is of course one that
comes from a scholar of physics, a science where the ability of a theory to predict is a
fundamental element ensuring its survival. It nevertheless demonstrates the rigorous scrutiny
a claim carrying the label of a "theory" undergoes independent of the discipline it belongs to.
The field of international relations (IR) has thus been subjected to the same strict
requirements and demands for empirical proof and outcome prediction. These demands,
could be argued, have been the main challenge the discipline has brought upon itself once it
crossed into the "science" realm and established departments of "political science" in major
research universities across the West. Perspectives on what IR really stands for, its direction
and aim are now ideologically and geographically divided and frozen in a state of
"isolationist dogmatism". This is mainly due to the peculiar situation the IR field has gotten
itself into - while attempting to explain world dynamics on a grand scale and provide answers
to questions pertaining to the nature of human actions and behavior, it has become victim to
those very subject matters it tries to understand. "Human nature" and "science" are two
concepts which are difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile, and in its attempt to do so IR has
produced some very interesting debates, such as the one between the English and American
approaches to deciphering global patterns of human behavior.
«Refugee situations across the world have been characterized by three different outcomes:
return to the country of origin, assimilation in the host country or resettlement into a third
country. All of the above have proven unrealistic options for...» Document abstract
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international relations
research papers
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09/02/2008
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SummaryRefugee situations across the world have been characterized by three different outcomes:
return to the country of origin, assimilation in the host country or resettlement into a third
country. All of the above have proven unrealistic options for the Palestinian refugees in
Lebanon. This less than optimistic outlook of the situation is mostly due to the complex
interplay of several local, regional and international factors, which, as defined by Rosemary
Sayigh, can be condensed down to: “the skewing of international funds away from the “outside”
refugees [and allocated to residents of the West Bank and Gaza], decline in aid, Israeli refusal of
return or indemnification, and Lebanese refusal of civic rights”. All of these variables, coupled
with the absence of Palestinian political and social leadership coherence amongst the refugee
communities, has made the problem of the Palestinian refugees residing in camps on Lebanese
territory, utterly challenging and resistant to resolution. The issue is further complicated by the
influential role of international economic and political pressures exerted upon all actors involved
in the refugee problem – Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Palestinian
refugees themselves.
«Historical narratives are often times fragile and subject to “mythification”. Especially
vulnerable are the ones in which interests between two groups collide, violent disputes are common
and the nature of the conflict is highly complex and...» Document abstract
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Language : english
international relations
research papers
date published
09/02/2008
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SummaryHistorical narratives are often times fragile and subject to “mythification”. Especially
vulnerable are the ones in which interests between two groups collide, violent disputes are common
and the nature of the conflict is highly complex and distinctively unique. In those cases various
versions of the story emerge and facts become increasingly colored and embellished. The conflict
between Israel and Palestine, or should I say the Arab-Israeli conflict, or the Palestinian question, falls
into the category of disputes enveloped in an aura of mysteriousness and nebulously interpreted facts.
To narrow down the actual nature of the conflict is a serious challenge, a fact which adds to its alleged
insolubility and renders it difficult to manage. This paper examines the different perspectives from
which the conflict can be examined and analyzes the ways in which the influences of foreign powers
and local leadership have greatly contributed to how the conflict has been “created” and “shaped” over
the years. As a result of the multiple dimensions the conflict has assumed throughout its development,
the various standpoints from which it is now viewed are widely dissimilar thus greatly impacting the
conflict resolution methods employed in attempting to resolve it.
«Genetic mutations are not uncommon. They can happen for a variety of reasons and have a variety of effects. Those with negative effects are weeded out by natural selection, and those with positive effects prevail and are accumulated due to natural...» Document abstract
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international relations
research papers
date published
19/12/2007
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SummaryGenetic mutations are not uncommon. They can happen for a variety of reasons and have a variety of effects. Those with negative effects are weeded out by natural selection, and those with positive effects prevail and are accumulated due to natural selection. These mutations can be caused by a variety of reasons such as copying errors during cell division, exposure to ultraviolet rays and viruses, or can happen deliberately (Wikipedia). Most mutations have no effect on a species or its individuals because DNA repair is quite successful in fixing most mistakes before they become permanent. But there are very few mutations which have beneficial consequences. One such mutation that results in benefits for a species/individuals that make it up, is the CCR5-Delta32 mutation. During this mutation the Delta32 base pair is deleted in human CCR5 which results in immunity to HIV Type 1 (if homozygous) or increased resistance to AIDS (if heterozygous) (Wikipedia). The very controversial current argument on this subject asks several questions: if the absence of the CCR5-Delta32 is ultimately beneficial to humans, or if its negative side effects outweigh the benefits; as well as, where the origins of this mutation are.
«This year, December 10, 2007 is a day of many important deadlines. Not only is it the day the independence of Kosovo is said to be decided, but it is also the date by which the handover of Ratko Mladic to the ICTY is supposed to occur. Both of...» Document abstract
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international relations
research papers
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19/12/2007
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SummaryThis year, December 10, 2007 is a day of many important deadlines. Not only is it the day the independence of Kosovo is said to be decided, but it is also the date by which the handover of Ratko Mladic to the ICTY is supposed to occur. Both of these could prove to be fateful days in the history of Southeastern Europe, or they could fall through the cracks of history as just another failed deadline.
The ICTY is a United Nations-created body established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia from 1991-1996. It is unable to try organizations or governments, only individuals, and its maximum sentence is life imprisonment. Its main targets are individuals responsible for persecution of Bosnian Muslim and Croat civilians on national, political, and religious grounds; those who have targeted political leaders, intellectuals, and professionals; the unlawful deportation and shelling of civilians; as well as the destruction of homes, businesses, and places of worship. The most important thing “about prosecuting war crimes is not to get the individuals who may have committed those crimes – the lowly soldiers, thugs, paramilitary types of police officers – but to get the most senior political and military leadership responsible for having ordered those crimes” (Paul Risley, spokesman).
The ICTY is a United Nations-created body established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia from 1991-1996. It is unable to try organizations or governments, only individuals, and its maximum sentence is life imprisonment. Its main targets are individuals responsible for persecution of Bosnian Muslim and Croat civilians on national, political, and religious grounds; those who have targeted political leaders, intellectuals, and professionals; the unlawful deportation and shelling of civilians; as well as the destruction of homes, businesses, and places of worship. The most important thing “about prosecuting war crimes is not to get the individuals who may have committed those crimes – the lowly soldiers, thugs, paramilitary types of police officers – but to get the most senior political and military leadership responsible for having ordered those crimes” (Paul Risley, spokesman).
«Since the founding of Israel, over 50 years ago, America has taken the fledgling country under its wing . The sympathy of the American people towards Israel has wavered little despite the ups-and-downs Israel has been through in its short history ....» Document abstract
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Language : english
international relations
term papers
date published
02/08/2007
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SummarySince the founding of Israel, over 50 years ago, America has taken the fledgling country under its wing . The sympathy of the American people towards Israel has wavered little despite the ups-and-downs Israel has been through in its short history . Especially throughout the Clinton administration, America has taken a soft stand towards Israel, favoring them over Palestine, even while trying to keep a neutral stance during peace negotiations. During the last five years, however, American foreign policy has wavered back and forth depending on the negotiating tactics of the President. President Clinton took on peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine as a primary goal of his administration. President Bush has been less inclined to focus his energies on peace in the Middle East.
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