« Is the environment an international security issue? That's what makes environment an international security issue. Vogler, John, 2001. ...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
15/01/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 24 times
Summary The last half of the 20th Century has been exclusively dominated by the Cold war conflict. There was little space in the analysis of the scholars in International relations for other minor issues of “low politics”, while the questions of the nuclear war and balance of terror dominated the studies of world politics. Although international agreements have been signed for about a century, “the environment was simply regarded as the unchanging context of international politics.” The first change occurred in the late 60s early 1970s, from a public awareness of environmental degradation due to the industrial activity. This emergence of the ecologic sensibility was translated by the creation of lobbying groups such as Greenpeace, and political parties around the Western world. But the real change in that respect was corollary to the end of the cold war. The collapse of the USSR put a temporary end to the major threat of the time, the nuclear war. New threats and a new definition of security then appeared in the study of International relations, challenging the old realist theories. These attempts to redefine concepts such as security or threat will be studied in the first part, as it is a key to understand how environment can be a security issue. There are several fashions in which environmental issues can represent international threats, and that is the focus of the second part.
Table of Contents
- Attempts to redefine concepts such as security or threat
- Several fashions in which environmental issues can represent international threats
« issue would not go before the UN Security Council and effective multilateralism", the promotion of a stable international and regional environment, and a ...» Document abstract
$8.95
9 word format
Language : english
international relations
worksheets
date published
24/03/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 13 times
Summary As diplomats from the 190 signatory countries gather in New York this week for the five-yearly review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Iran will surely be present in many minds. Although some warning signs had been issued by various intelligence services during the previous decade, concern over Iran’s nuclear programme became widespread in August 2002, with the discovery of the Natanz installation, destined for uranium enrichment. In October 2003, an agreement was reached in Tehran, between Iran and the foreign ministers of the three “big” members of the European Union, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Iran agreed to suspend all enrichment-related activities, adhere to the International Atomic Energy Agency’s additional protocol requiring more intrusive inspections, and provide full information about its nuclear programme. In return, the EU-3 promised that the issue would not go before the UN Security Council and pledged to provide technology to Iran, including in the civil nuclear area. However, the IAEA later found that a report submitted by Iran omitted references to activities involving advanced centrifuges and to the production of polonium, a material used in the making of nuclear bombs.
Table of Contents
- Based on your reading of the literature on nuclear proliferation, what would be an appropriate strategy toward Iran's alleged nuclear programme' Discuss with reference either to the policies of a particular state, international organization, or, more generally, the international community
Les internautes ont également acheté « the involvement of the UNMIK, the security presence of 4-5. "Conflict History: Kosovo." International Crisis Group Kosovo State of the Environment Report." UNMIK ...» Document abstract
$5.95
6 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
19/06/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 0 times
SummaryKosovo is located in the southern province of the Republic of Serbia in Western Balkans (see Appendix One). The administrative capital is Pristina and the province is separated into thirty municipalities. Kosovo’s last official census in 1991 registered its approximately two million population to be composed of eighty-two percent ethnic Albanians, ten percent Serbs and eight percent Montenegrins, Croats, Turks, Gypsies, Muslims, and others. The nature of the state contested involves disputes between the two main ethnic groups: Serbs and Albanians. These two groups share a long history as residents in the same territory and are commonly referred to as Kosovars, although they differ in their ethnic roots, languages, religious affinities, customs, and culture. Religion was never the centerpiece of the conflict between the two groups, yet over the years, has been manipulated by politicians for ideological purposes.
Keywords: Balkans, UNMIK, NATO
Keywords: Balkans, UNMIK, NATO
Table of Contents
- The nature of the state contested involves disputes between the two main ethnic groups.
- From the lens of the stakeholders.
- The security and safety of the Kosovo Serbs - also a major concern.
- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began air strikes in March 1999 without UN approval.
- The role of UNMIK:
- Why is Kosovo relevant to international politics?
- Any legal change in Kosovo's final status would require a UNSC resolution.
- Kosovar Serbs and Albanians must be realistic in their demands.
« education, the existence of social security, and a International Institute of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the ...» Document abstract
$6.95
7 word format
Language : english
political science
presentation
date published
20/12/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 6 times
SummaryAdopted in 2000 by “all the world’s governments as a blueprint for building a better world in the 21st century” (Kofi Annan, 2005), the Millennium Development Goals are quantified targets for addressing poverty in its several dimensions (United Nations, 2005). The first Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by half the population living in extreme poverty and hunger before 2015. The World Bank (WB), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are satisfied by the current results, pointing out that consequently to ‘free-market policies’ the number of people living on less than 1$ a day is decreasing. So what is poverty and how can it be measured? Knowing that 1% of the world’s richest people receive as much income as the poorest 57% (Weissman, 2003), the WB’s definition of poverty – only based on a certain level of income- seems problematic. Therefore, to understand the complexity of the concept of poverty, it is important to consider not only its economical or financial dimensions, but also to take into account indicators such as access to health and education, the existence of social security, and a safe environment. As suggested by A. Elliot (2006), concepts of poverty in developing countries now also include an environmental dimension. As first officially mentioned by the Bruntland Commission in 1987 and in the Earth Summit in 1992, sustainable development (SD) can be defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Since then, the term SD has been widely debated and over one hundred definitions have been proposed. In this essay, I will take into account the original definition (Bruntland report), though considering its different dimensions: economic, social, and environmental (Barbier, 1987). The theme of SD, from the 1960s, first appears in the context of the industrialized countries’ concerns about the environmental damages created by their ways of development (economic growth). Thus it seems immediately to be a western notion, which does not necessarily meet the needs and concerns of developing countries. This seems to be confirmed as when looking to the recent treaties, conferences, and reports of international organizations; it is obvious that the link between sustainable development and eradication of poverty (EP) is never defined as a fundamental principle guiding economic and development policies.
Confronting and juxtaposing theoretical arguments and the empirical reality, this essay proposes to discuss the extent in which policies implying a strict protection of natural resources and the environment are sustainable and achievable in developing countries. This essay especially explores and discusses the possibilities of combining sustainable development policies and achieving the objectives related to the eradication of poverty in developing countries.
Confronting and juxtaposing theoretical arguments and the empirical reality, this essay proposes to discuss the extent in which policies implying a strict protection of natural resources and the environment are sustainable and achievable in developing countries. This essay especially explores and discusses the possibilities of combining sustainable development policies and achieving the objectives related to the eradication of poverty in developing countries.
Table of Contents
- Critics of neo-classical and neo-liberal models of development
- Economic development needs to be realised in an optic implying human development strategies, thus considering the social dimension of the concept of sustainable development
« with financial means to build up economic security. Indeed, international investors do not bear the business risk with the global economic environment, we can ...» Document abstract
$8.95
9 word format
Language : english
finance
presentation
date published
15/11/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 12 times
SummaryThe main theme of this project is the facilitation and development of microfinance, which is the “provision of loans, savings, insurance, payments, and other basic financial services to low-income populations” .
The project is dedicated to identifying and evaluating existing options for microfinance institutions (MFIs) who wish to access the funds necessary to take advantage of the huge potential market for microfinance. This topic is particularly important as the current lack of funds remains the major growth constraint for the microfinance industry.
Global capital markets would enable MFIs to raise capital for lower rates and longer terms than local financing. Ways for MFIs to access global capital markets are therefore explored in details. The following three sources of commercial financing are then outlined and evaluated in the context of MFIs: bonds, securitization and (quasi-)equity.
However, although microfinance can be profitable, investors remain reluctant to invest in MFIs. We identify the main concerns preventing substantial investment in this area as: concerns over the inadequate risk-return profile, a lack of expertise or experience in the area, operational problems such as pricing, liquidity and legal issues and the perception of microfinance primarily as a form of charity. We then propose ways to deal with these concerns and promote investment in microfinance.
We demonstrate not only how microfinance can offer a relatively low level of systematic risk through its low volatility and weak correlation with political and economic events, but also how it offers a good opportunity for diversification. After showing certain comparability between investments in venture capital and microfinance, we suggest targeting venture capital investors as a priority in gaining access to equity capital.
Having explored and concentrated on the financial aspects of microfinance, we then remind the reader of huge benefits it represents in terms of poverty reduction in under-developed countries.
We conclude by mentioning some further challenges faced by microfinance, such as risk hedging, especially in the context of exchange rate risk, and achieving the three factors that determine a country’s ability to manage microfinance efficiently: political stability, economic security and cultural readiness.
The project is dedicated to identifying and evaluating existing options for microfinance institutions (MFIs) who wish to access the funds necessary to take advantage of the huge potential market for microfinance. This topic is particularly important as the current lack of funds remains the major growth constraint for the microfinance industry.
Global capital markets would enable MFIs to raise capital for lower rates and longer terms than local financing. Ways for MFIs to access global capital markets are therefore explored in details. The following three sources of commercial financing are then outlined and evaluated in the context of MFIs: bonds, securitization and (quasi-)equity.
However, although microfinance can be profitable, investors remain reluctant to invest in MFIs. We identify the main concerns preventing substantial investment in this area as: concerns over the inadequate risk-return profile, a lack of expertise or experience in the area, operational problems such as pricing, liquidity and legal issues and the perception of microfinance primarily as a form of charity. We then propose ways to deal with these concerns and promote investment in microfinance.
We demonstrate not only how microfinance can offer a relatively low level of systematic risk through its low volatility and weak correlation with political and economic events, but also how it offers a good opportunity for diversification. After showing certain comparability between investments in venture capital and microfinance, we suggest targeting venture capital investors as a priority in gaining access to equity capital.
Having explored and concentrated on the financial aspects of microfinance, we then remind the reader of huge benefits it represents in terms of poverty reduction in under-developed countries.
We conclude by mentioning some further challenges faced by microfinance, such as risk hedging, especially in the context of exchange rate risk, and achieving the three factors that determine a country’s ability to manage microfinance efficiently: political stability, economic security and cultural readiness.
Table of Contents
- Accessing the Global Capital Markets
- Financing Environment
- Bond Market
- Securitization
- Equity and Quasi-equity
- Overcoming the limitations of the current financing model
- Addressing investorâs main concerns
- The attractiveness of the risk-return profile
- Attracting equity investors
- Social return: a new dimension to investment
« the treaties, represents the country in international organisations and not only the foreign environment but the In the field of national security policy, much ...» Document abstract
$6.95
7 word format
Language : english
political science
worksheets
date published
24/03/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 5 times
SummaryDissertation en anglais sur la bureaucratie américaine de la sécurité nationale (NSA, CIA, State Department, et autres agences) et son influence sur la conduite de la politique étrangère américaine.
La dissertation étudie la validité du modèle de "guerre bureaucratique tribale" et envisage les différents moyens dont dispose le Président et son administration pour contourner la bureaucratie.
La dissertation étudie la validité du modèle de "guerre bureaucratique tribale" et envisage les différents moyens dont dispose le Président et son administration pour contourner la bureaucratie.
Table of Contents
- To what extent is US national security policy determined by bureaucratic tribal warfare?
- Battling bureaucracies
- Bureaucratic tribal warfare refined
Les internautes ont également acheté Examining how reducing America’s presence in the international community could benefit the process of globalization and the domestic development of the United States
« on the country's external environment has created Interventions: The International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 5 non-defense, non-homeland security spending ...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
17/06/2008
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 0 times
SummaryThe process of globalization is one that has carried with it a high price for the United States. While the US has been able to extend its overall reach into the international community, not all countries in the international community have been receptive of America’s presence. The United States has been accused in recent months and years of being an international “bully” through its support of policy initiatives that negatively impact the development of certain regions of the world. As the criticism over US foreign policy increases, the problems facing people living in the United States have become exacerbated in recent years. The notable increases in the price of gasoline, the current debate over immigration and the larger issue of the healthcare crisis are persistent problems that are not being adequately addressed by the federal government.Clearly, the external and internal environments that have developed with respect to the United States are quite distressing overall. The United States has become a bane to foreign development in some cases and is currently not addressing critical domestic problems. With these issues in mind, it seems reasonable to argue that the US needs to decrease its global presence, such that it can create peace in the international community and direct its focus and financial resources to the domestic problems that are wreaking havoc on the lives of millions of Americans.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- The United States in the International Community
- Although the creation of an empire though imperialist ideologies may not seem like a negative situation overall, the reality is that the actions that the United States has taken to preserve its hegemony in the international community has come at a price.
- Roy (2004) in his examination of the current push toward America's world domination notes that the process has corrupted the development of government overall.
- As the United States pushes toward imperialism and the creation of an empire, the government has grown more corrupt, allowing third party interests to make critical decisions for the country.
- Domestic Problems
- Conclusion
« Agriculture and Fisheries," "Environment," and "Education and other countries or international organizations, approving Common Foreign and Security Policy, and ...» Document abstract
$9.95
11 word format
Language : english
european union
research papers
date published
23/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 14 times
SummaryThe European Union, which formed under this name in 1992, currently consists of 25 nations and covers much of Western Europe. The European Union is an enormous organization that was initially created to maintain peace and security between European states through various political and economic arrangements. Each E.U. member state is a democratic, independent nation, and it is represented in a complicated European system that integrates these independent states into what has become the world’s largest economic organization. Originally, the intention of this union was to prevent hostilities between European nations, mainly France and Germany, before they arise.
Table of Contents
- The European Union is comprised of various institutions which ensure that each citizen of the E.U. is fairly represented, and that all member states have their voice heard.
- The idea of union between European nations was initiated a few years after the end of World War II.
- During the 20th century, two great wars have broken out with France and Germany as the main instigators.
- This economic system became extremely useful in terms of dealing with the world outside of Europe.
- In 1952, the Schuman Plan was an important step toward European integration.
- The Council of the European Union
- The European Commission
- Although the Commission is not responsible for setting the budget for the European Union, its members are responsible for managing, implementing, and overseeing it.
The political influence on organization decision making towards corporate social responsability: a socio economic approach
« based in evolving frameworks of international law: the This hypothesis implicates that organizations know their environment. Computer Law & Security Report: vol ...» Document abstract
$9.95
30 word format
Language : english
economics
presentation
date published
27/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 51 times
SummaryThis research will look at the political influence on organization decision making towards social responsibility. To do so, a combination of social and economic theories will be used. In chapter three, the political field and the political actors in this research will be discussed. Chapter four will describe how organizations can be influenced by the political actors introduced in chapter three. At the background of this relation is the globalization. In chapter three and four will be shown how globalization led to new relations between the different actors and the rise of large international Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). When the different influences of governments and NGOs on organization decision-making are known, there will be examined how organizations deal with this influence. At the end of this paper, in chapter five, an overview will be given of this possible organizational movements. At last, some hypothesis will be posted towards in which situation organizations make movements towards or away from corporate social responsible behavior.
Table of Contents
- Research design
- Objects of research
- Acknowledgement
- The political field around csr
- Introduction
- The impact of globalization
- Different actors: ngos and governments
- The working of the field
- The dependency of organizations
- Introduction
- The impact of globalisation
- The influence of ngos and governments
- Position of csr decision making in the political field
« as the right to life, liberty, security, protections against right for a sound environment) while perhaps 1989 Alison Dundes Renteln, International Human Rights ...» Document abstract
$9.95
13 word format
Language : english
international law
presentation
date published
16/11/2001
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 39 times
Summary We'll see that a mediate position can be found between what Donnelly has identified as radical cultural relativism (a) and radical universalism (b). Thus, it seems that a cross-cultural consensus can be found on the universality of some basic rights contained in the UDHR, whereas some other articles may be susceptible of cultural adaptation. But in the first place we will examine the position of cultural relativists and its potential weaknesses and hidden rationals
Table of Contents
- The UDHR is a Western conception of human rights (the claim for cultural relativism)
- Human rights: a Western invention
- Human rights as opposed to duties and collective mechanisms
- The accusation of cultural imperialism
- The issue of the hierarchy of rights within the UDHR
- The necessary respect for cultural diversity
- Striving for universalism (the defenders of the UDHR)
- The hidden side of cultural relativism
- The accommodation of universal rights in a non-Western cultural context: the case of Islamic countries
- A way out: 'relative universality' and the recognition of basic rights
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