«Water comprises a very large part of an organism’s body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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23/10/2007
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SummaryWater comprises a very large part of an organism’s body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids within organisms; the ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF (Extracellular fluids). Every organism regulates the tonicity of the ICF. However, the ECF can be regulated or non-regulated. Organisms fall into two categories based on this distinction. These categories are the osmoconformers and the osmoregulators (Dilger and Collins, p.9). Osmoregulators have special mechanisms to keep their BFOC (Body fluid osmotic concentration) constant, independent of the EOC (environmental osmotic concentration). Osmoconformers, on the other hand, have a BFOC that is directly related to the EOC ( Dilger and Collins, p.9).
«One of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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SummaryOne of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by the heart. Without the heart’s pumping action, blood would simply remain stagnant within the vessels of the body, and any vertebrate in this condition would die off very quickly.
«Our experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster...» Document abstract
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medical studies
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23/10/2007
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SummaryOur experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster than the voluntary response, and that with the Jendrassik maneuver, the reflex would be even more responsive. We predicted the latency to be lower for the reflex as compared to the voluntary response, and the amplitude to be higher for the reflex with the Jendrassik maneuver as compared to the reflex on its own. We conducted this experiment with the help of an apparatus that measured the angle during leg movement after the reflex. Specifically, flexion of the quadriceps (the reflex response) would cause the leg to kick out. The apparatus was basically two pieces of plastic connected to each other at a joint. One piece was attached to the calf and the other to the thigh. When the leg kicked out, the angle at which the two pieces of plastic connected changed, and the magnitude of change was recorded on a computer hooked up to the device. It would serve well to understand some background information about the neuron, neurotransmitters and their receptors, excitatory/inhibitory reflexes, and involuntary reflexes.
«The process of genetic transformation is an important tool used in biotechnology. It has been used in agriculture to create plants that are resistant to different kinds of conditions. In medicine it is being used to try and create bacteria that...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe process of genetic transformation is an important tool used in biotechnology. It has been used in agriculture to create plants that are resistant to different kinds of conditions. In medicine it is being used to try and create bacteria that produce insulin which can be used to treat diabetes. Transformation can also e used to give bacteria the traits to digest oil, which then can be used to clean up oil spills. In nature transformation also accurse by itself, when suddenly bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, when they are introduced to it over and over. This happens because bacteria naturally share their DNA with each other which lets them adapt to the environment.
«Reflexes are the body’s involuntary responses to various stimuli. They are controlled in large part by the human nervous system which has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. Sensory input is due to sensory receptors...» Document abstract
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Summary Reflexes are the body’s involuntary responses to various stimuli. They are controlled in large part by the human nervous system which has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. Sensory input is due to sensory receptors throughout the body collecting information about one’s external surroundings and internal environment, and relaying them to various information centers. A sensory receptor recognizes some form of stimulus in the external or internal environment and responds by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the cell or in the cell adjacent to it. These action potentials consequently lead to integration. Integration is mainly carried out within the Central Nervous System, which consists of the brain and spinal cord in humans. (Campbell, 1024) Motor output is what occurs when the central nervous system makes sense of the sensory input due to integration, and sends information to effector cells in the body. Effector cells are the gland cells or muscle cells that make sure the body’s responses to certain stimuli are carried out. (Campbell, 1024) Nerves conduct these signals. Specifically speaking, the particular nerves that relay the motor and sensory information from the central nervous system jointly make up what is called the peripheral nervous system.
«A human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro...» Document abstract
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medical studies
case study
date published
02/10/2007
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SummaryA human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro reflex and several others (Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundations, Inc. Reflex. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex#Significance, Viewed 04/22/07). Other reflexes, such as the knee jerk response stay with us for ever. Doctors use reflexes such as the knee jerk reflex, also called the Patellar Reflex, to see if the person’s sensory neurons, motor neurons and spinal cord are working properly.
«Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie....» Document abstract
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medical studies
research papers
date published
28/09/2007
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SummaryImagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie. Eating meat is an essential part of everyone’s nutritional needs and provides nutrients that are otherwise impossible to retain in a solely vegetarian diet. (Hinman 248). There is no doubt how meat is really needed, truly wanted by the body. Of course there are your truly hardcore and enthusiastic vegetarian group of people, but there are also people that feel very strongly about eating meat and how everyone should partake in the practice. The claim that, “eating meat is bad” (Coleman) is flawed because the writer of this claim does not take into account the advantages of meat eating and completely ignores the fallacies he uses to back his claim. Instead, the reality is that meat plays an important part in the everyday diet for humans and is in no way unethical or immoral to eat.
«Neuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction.
It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
26/09/2007
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SummaryNeuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction.
It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular disorders.
It may reflect the pathologic operation of a dysfunctional nervous system rather than a manifestation of any underlying pathology itself (i.e., phantom limb pain, complex regional pain syndrome). Patients may paradoxically experience pain and hypersensitivity in an area of denervation.
«Disorder of unknown etiology characterized by excessive sleepiness typically associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
Commonly misconceived as representing low intelligence...» Document abstract
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33 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
26/09/2007
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SummaryDisorder of unknown etiology characterized by excessive sleepiness typically associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
Commonly misconceived as representing low intelligence and/or poor motivation. Syndrome frequently overlooked, with an average of 15 years of symptoms prior to diagnosis. Onset usually in teenage years.
«70.3 million Americans above 12 years reported current use of tobacco (59.9 million were cigarette smokers, 13.7 million smoked cigars, 7.2 million used smokeless tobacco, 1.8 million smoked pipes).
In the past month, 4 million American...» Document abstract
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33 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
26/09/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 10 times
Summary70.3 million Americans above 12 years reported current use of tobacco (59.9 million were cigarette smokers, 13.7 million smoked cigars, 7.2 million used smokeless tobacco, 1.8 million smoked pipes).
In the past month, 4 million American adolescents have used a tobacco product.
Risk Factors
· Mental Illness (including depression, PTSD, bipolar, and schizophrenia)
· Low SES
· Low educational status
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