«Medicine is practiced in a social, economic, and political context. It takes more than excellent medical care to improve the health of patients because many of the determinants of the health of individuals and populations lie outside traditional...» Document abstract
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38 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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SummaryMedicine is practiced in a social, economic, and political context. It takes more than excellent medical care to improve the health of patients because many of the determinants of the health of individuals and populations lie outside traditional clinical activity.
By contrast, 40% of premature deaths are attributed to personal behaviors, including patterns of eating and physical activity and decisions about smoking, drinking, illicit drug use, and sexual behavior...
Table of Contents- Social Issues
- Economic Issues in Medical Care Delivery
- Recommendations
«Regular physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. In the 1980s and 1990s, a large body of epidemiologic and clinical evidence linked regular physical activity with a variety of health benefits.
Although the strength of...» Document abstract
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43 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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SummaryRegular physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. In the 1980s and 1990s, a large body of epidemiologic and clinical evidence linked regular physical activity with a variety of health benefits.
Although the strength of the data supporting these associations varies from condition to condition, physical inactivity is clearly a major contributor to premature mortality and morbidity from chronic disease.
Table of Contents- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Health Benefits of Physical Activity
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- WEIGHT CONTROL
- DIABETES
- OSTEOPOROSIS
- Health Risks
- Medical Evaluation
- Assessment and Counseling
- Recommendations
«It is generally appreciated that under different conditions a drug may produce diverse effects, ranging from none to a desirable effect or, in other cases, an undesirable, toxic effect. Physicians must learn how to individualize the drug dosage...» Document abstract
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41 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 8 times
SummaryIt is generally appreciated that under different conditions a drug may produce diverse effects, ranging from none to a desirable effect or, in other cases, an undesirable, toxic effect. Physicians must learn how to individualize the drug dosage under different conditions to ensure effective and safe therapy.
This requires knowing pharmacokinetics—examining the movement of a drug over time through the body—and pharmacodynamics—relating drug concentration to drug effect.
Table of Contents- PHARMACOKINETIC PRINCIPLES
- ABSORPTION
- FIRST-PASS EFFECT
- BIOAVAILABILITY
- DISTRIBUTION
- VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION
- ELIMINATION
- Conclusions
«The process of aging produces important physiologic changes in the central nervous system, including neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiologic changes.
These processes result in age-related symptoms and manifestations for many older...» Document abstract
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37 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
31/07/2007
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SummaryThe process of aging produces important physiologic changes in the central nervous system, including neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiologic changes.
These processes result in age-related symptoms and manifestations for many older persons.
These physiologic changes develop at dramatically variable rates in different older persons, however, the decline being modified by factors such as diet, environment, lifestyle, genetic predisposition, disability, disease, and side effects of drugs.
These changes can result in the common age-related symptoms of benign senescence, slowed reaction time, postural hypotension, vertigo or giddiness, presbyopia, presbycusis, stiffened gait, and sleep difficulties.
Table of Contents- Overview
- MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION
- FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT
- ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS IN THE ELDERLY
- DRUGS WITH PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS
- PRINCIPLES OF DRUG THERAPY IN THE ELDERLY
- Recommendations
«The chemical environment was recognized as a threat to health early in history.
Well-documented outbreaks of occupational mercury and lead "poisonings" had been recorded and preventive measures implemented by 200 BC.
In the Middle Ages,...» Document abstract
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73 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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31/07/2007
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SummaryThe chemical environment was recognized as a threat to health early in history.
Well-documented outbreaks of occupational mercury and lead "poisonings" had been recorded and preventive measures implemented by 200 BC.
In the Middle Ages, arsenic poisoning was used as a political weapon.
In more recent times, industrial toxins, "accidental poisoning" in childhood, purposeful overdoses in adults, adverse reactions to drugs, medication mix-ups in hospitals, and environmental hazards increasingly have been recognized.
The patient's metabolic and genetic variability determine the impact of a given molecule in hereditary disorders such as phenylketonuria, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and others.
Table of Contents- Definition
- Etiology
- LEAD
- Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- MERCURY
- Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
- ARSENIC
- Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- ARSENIC INGESTION
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Conclusions
«The designation drug allergy should be reserved for adverse drug reactions caused by immunologic mechanisms.
Although drug allergies are responsible for only a few adverse drug effects, the possibility of such reactions is a daily concern of...» Document abstract
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43 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 4 times
SummaryThe designation drug allergy should be reserved for adverse drug reactions caused by immunologic mechanisms.
Although drug allergies are responsible for only a few adverse drug effects, the possibility of such reactions is a daily concern of most physicians.
Drug allergy has a great variety of clinical manifestations and has been attributed to most categories of therapeutic agents.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Etiology
- Pathogenic Mechanisms
- Classification
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Recommendations
«Increased longevity throughout the world is influencing medical care dramatically as more older individuals develop or survive with various medical conditions.
Although some elderly present typically with single-system disease, they often have...» Document abstract
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98 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 2 times
SummaryIncreased longevity throughout the world is influencing medical care dramatically as more older individuals develop or survive with various medical conditions.
Although some elderly present typically with single-system disease, they often have presentations and responses to treatments that are different from their younger counterparts.
This variation in behavior of illnesses, which is due to the combined effect of aging and comorbid disease, must be understood if the elderly are to receive successful care.
Table of Contents- Epidemiology and Pathobiology of Aging
- SPECTRUM OF CHANGES PRODUCED BY AGING PROCESSES
- Effects of Aging on Specific Organs and Systems
- AGE-RELATED GASTROENTEROLOGIC SYNDROMES
- AGE-RELATED RENAL AND URINARY TRACT SYNDROMES
- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- CLINICAL SYNDROMES OF AGING
- MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
- Prevention of Fractures
- Conclusion
«An extensive battery of laboratory tests is not required for most patients with heart failure. Routine testing should include a complete blood cell count (to detect anemia and systemic diseases with hematologic manifestations), measurement of renal...» Document abstract
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28 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 6 times
SummaryAn extensive battery of laboratory tests is not required for most patients with heart failure. Routine testing should include a complete blood cell count (to detect anemia and systemic diseases with hematologic manifestations), measurement of renal function and electrolytes including magnesium (to exclude renal failure and to provide a baseline for subsequent therapy), liver function tests (to exclude accompanying liver pathology and provide a baseline), and blood glucose and lipid testing (to diagnose diabetes and dyslipidemia, both of which should be managed aggressively in heart failure patients).
Table of Contents- Routine Diagnostic Assessment
- ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
- Additional Diagnostic Evaluation
- MYOCARDIAL BIOPSY.
- ASSESSMENT OF EXERCISE CAPACITY
- Follow-Up Evaluation
- Conclusions
«The common symptoms of heart failure are well known but are frequently absent and variably specific for this condition. The symptoms generally reflect, but may be dissociated from, the hemodynamic derangements of elevated left-sided and right-sided...» Document abstract
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51 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 7 times
SummaryThe common symptoms of heart failure are well known but are frequently absent and variably specific for this condition. The symptoms generally reflect, but may be dissociated from, the hemodynamic derangements of elevated left-sided and right-sided pressures and impaired cardiac output or cardiac output reserve.
Dyspnea, or perceived shortness of breath, is the most common symptom of patients with heart failure. In most patients, dyspnea is present only with activity or exertion. The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial. The most important is pulmonary congestion with increased interstitial or intra-alveolar fluid, which activates juxtacapillary J receptors, which stimulate a rapid and shallow pattern of breathing. Increased lung stiffness may enhance the work of breathing, leading to a perception of dyspnea.
Table of Contents- Symptoms of Heart Failure
- DYSPNEA
- ORTHOPNEA AND PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA
- ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
- EXERCISE INTOLERANCE
- EDEMA AND FLUID RETENTION (ASCITES, PLEURAL EFFUSION, PERICARDIAL EFFUSION)
- ABDOMINAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
- SLEEP DISORDERS AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- CARDIAC CACHEXIA
- Diagnosis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Conclusions
«Acute heart failure usually presents as shortness of breath, culminating, sometimes in a matter of minutes, with pulmonary edema. A more subacute presentation is of progressive dyspnea associated with systemic fluid retention over days to a few...» Document abstract
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30 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 13 times
SummaryAcute heart failure usually presents as shortness of breath, culminating, sometimes in a matter of minutes, with pulmonary edema. A more subacute presentation is of progressive dyspnea associated with systemic fluid retention over days to a few weeks.
The precipitous form usually suggests extensive acute damage, most commonly as an ongoing or recent MI. Other insults include the acute development of valvular regurgitation from ruptured chordae tendineae, bacterial endocarditis, or aortic dissection or of rapidly progressive myocarditis or toxic damage. The syndrome may progress to cardiogenic shock.
Table of Contents- Acute Heart Failure
- Chronic Heart Failure
- HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED SYSTOLIC FUNCTION
- FACTORS PRECIPITATING ACUTE DECOMPENSATION OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
- Conclusions
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