«Chronic heart failure is a multifaceted syndrome with diverse presentations. The initial manifestations of hemodynamic dysfunction are a reduction in stroke volume and a rise in ventricular filling pressures, perhaps in the basal state but...» Document abstract
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36 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryChronic heart failure is a multifaceted syndrome with diverse presentations. The initial manifestations of hemodynamic dysfunction are a reduction in stroke volume and a rise in ventricular filling pressures, perhaps in the basal state but consistently under conditions of increased systemic demand for blood flow.
These changes have downstream effects on cardiovascular reflexes and systemic organ perfusion and function, which in turn stimulate a variety of interdependent compensatory responses involving the cardiovascular system, neurohormonal systems, and alterations in renal physiology.
Table of Contents- Neurohumoral Responses
- Altered Renal Physiology
- Left Ventricular Remodeling and Progression of Heart Failure
- Conclusions
«Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally...» Document abstract
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42 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 21 times
SummaryHeart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally elevated diastolic pressures or volumes.
Heart failure may occur as a result of impaired myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction, characterized as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction); increased ventricular stiffness or impaired myocardial relaxation (diastolic dysfunction, which often is associated with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction).
Table of Contents- HEART FAILURE
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Conclusions
«The function of the human heart requires rhythmic beatings occurring on the average 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, for 80 or more years. The close to 3 billion contractions of the cardiac musculature that must occur without fail are coordinated...» Document abstract
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57 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryThe function of the human heart requires rhythmic beatings occurring on the average 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, for 80 or more years. The close to 3 billion contractions of the cardiac musculature that must occur without fail are coordinated by an intricate network of specialized electrically active cells that are integrated with the myocytes that comprise the predominant mass of the heart. Any loss of electrical activity, even for a few seconds, results in syncope; loss of electrical activity for a few minutes may end in death.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Mechanisms of Cardiac Tachyarrhythmias
- Mechanism of Bradyarrhythmias
- Conclusions
«A significant reduction in coronary flow reserve is present when the ratio of flow at rest to flow after vasodilation is less than 2 : 1. Measurement of the pressure gradient across a stenosis using a small wire transducer also can assess functional...» Document abstract
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58 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryA significant reduction in coronary flow reserve is present when the ratio of flow at rest to flow after vasodilation is less than 2 : 1. Measurement of the pressure gradient across a stenosis using a small wire transducer also can assess functional severity. Fractional flow reserve is the ratio of the distal pressure to proximal pressure after maximum vasodilation. A fractional flow reserve of less than 0.75 indicates a significant stenosis.
Table of Contents- Indications
- Contraindications and Risks
- Technique
- Hemodynamic Assessment
- CARDIAC OUTPUT
- VALVE AREAS AND RESISTANCES
- Conclusions
«More than any other imaging technique, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers the potential for dramatically changing current imaging strategies for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. The combined...» Document abstract
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32 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
31/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 6 times
SummaryMore than any other imaging technique, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers the potential for dramatically changing current imaging strategies for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. The combined attributes of superior image quality and flexibility for assessment of cardiac anatomy, ventricular function, great vessel and coronary anatomy and blood flow, myocardial viability, and myocardial perfusion give CMR tremendous potential for evaluation of the cardiovascular system.
Table of Contents- Thoracic Aorta and Great Vessels
- Cardiac Tumors and Masses
- Pericardium and Pericardial Effusions
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Quantitative Assessment of Ventricular Volumes and Mass
- Cardiomyopathies
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Special Considerations for CMR in Cardiac Patients
- Conclusions
«Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment whereby sequences of nucleic acids (i.e., genes) are delivered to cells to change their biologic function. The concept initially arose as replacement therapy for monogenic inherited disorders. For...» Document abstract
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85 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
20/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 4 times
SummaryGene therapy is an experimental form of treatment whereby sequences of nucleic acids (i.e., genes) are delivered to cells to change their biologic function. The concept initially arose as replacement therapy for monogenic inherited disorders. For these disorders, the aim is to replace a defective gene with the normal counterpart. The delivered genetic material undergoes transcription and translation using the host cell's machinery, leading to in situ production of the normal protein and thereby correction of the phenotypic defect.
Table of Contents- The Concept of Gene Therapy
- The Clinical Spectrum
- Gene Delivery Strategies
- THE DELIVERY VECTOR
- RETROVIRAL VECTORS.
- ADENOVIRAL VECTORS.
- ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS
- Selected Disease Applications
- CYSTIC FIBROSIS
- HEMOPHILIA
- MYOCARDIAL AND PERIPHERAL ISCHEMIA
- HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
- REPLICATION-COMPETENT VIRUSES ("VIROTHERAPY")
- Recommendations
«Cocaine, an alkaloid extracted from coca leaves, and other psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine) rapidly increase the concentration of several neurotransmitters in synaptic junctions and stimulate the sympathetic and central nervous...» Document abstract
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29 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
20/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 8 times
SummaryCocaine, an alkaloid extracted from coca leaves, and other psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine) rapidly increase the concentration of several neurotransmitters in synaptic junctions and stimulate the sympathetic and central nervous systems.
Topical cocaine is used in otolaryngologic procedures, and psychostimulants are used either for their stimulant effects or for their paradoxical calming effect in some patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Table of Contents- Classification
- History
- Epidemiology
- Biomolecular Mechanisms Of Action
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Recommendations
«Opioids, including naturally occurring alkaloids (opiates derived from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum), semisynthetic compounds (chemically altered alkaloids), and synthetic agents, are potent analgesics and produce an intense euphoria...» Document abstract
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42 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
20/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 2 times
SummaryOpioids, including naturally occurring alkaloids (opiates derived from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum), semisynthetic compounds (chemically altered alkaloids), and synthetic agents, are potent analgesics and produce an intense euphoria associated with nausea; drowsiness; miosis; and a decrease in respiration, pulse, and blood pressure.
Opioids also are valued for their calming, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties. Depending on the particular effect on opioid cell membrane receptors, they may be classified as agonists (morphine, heroin, methadone), partial agonists-antagonists (buprenorphine), or antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone). These drugs have led to many medical complications because of their abuse potential and their parenteral route of administration.
Table of Contents- Classification
- History
- Epidemiology
- Biomolecular Mechanisms of Action
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Clinical Complications
- Recommendations
«The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical potentials produced by cardiac tissue. Formation of electrical impulses occurs within the conduction system of the heart. When excited, or depolarized, atrial and ventricular myocardial...» Document abstract
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57 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
20/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 10 times
SummaryThe electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical potentials produced by cardiac tissue. Formation of electrical impulses occurs within the conduction system of the heart. When excited, or depolarized, atrial and ventricular myocardial muscle fibers contract.
The electrical currents produced by these electrical impulses spread through the body and are recorded from the body surface by applying electrodes at various body surface points and connecting them to a recording apparatus.
Table of Contents- LEAD SYSTEMS
- Cardiac Vector
- Monitor Leads
- CELLULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
- Cell Depolarization and Repolarization
- NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
- Normal Segments and Junctions
«The heart casts a homogeneous shadow on the chest film. No internal detail can be seen within its contours because the radiodensities of blood, myocardium, and other cardiac tissues are so similar that one cannot be distinguished from the others....» Document abstract
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62 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
20/07/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 7 times
SummaryThe heart casts a homogeneous shadow on the chest film. No internal detail can be seen within its contours because the radiodensities of blood, myocardium, and other cardiac tissues are so similar that one cannot be distinguished from the others. Only two borders of the heart, where it contacts the radiolucent, air-containing lung, can be discerned in any one projection.
Table of Contents- Radiologic Anatomy
- Heart Size
- Chamber Enlargement
- LEFT ATRIUM
- LEFT VENTRICLE
- RIGHT ATRIUM
- RIGHT VENTRICLE
- Calcification
- Pulmonary Vasculature
- PULMONARY EDEMA
- PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
- Conclusions
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