«The heart is a muscular pump connected to the systemic and pulmonary vascular systems. Working together, the job of the heart and vasculature is to maintain adequate circulation of blood to the organs at rest and during periods of exercise. To...» Document abstract
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90 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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20/07/2007
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SummaryThe heart is a muscular pump connected to the systemic and pulmonary vascular systems. Working together, the job of the heart and vasculature is to maintain adequate circulation of blood to the organs at rest and during periods of exercise. To understand perturbations that cause symptoms and disease, it is first necessary to understand the normal anatomy and physiology of the heart, its interaction with the vascular system, and its regulation by the autonomic nervous system.
Table of Contents- Anatomy of the Heart
- Cardiac Muscle Physiology
- EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING
- FORCE-LENGTH RELATIONS
- FROM MUSCLE TO CHAMBER
- THE CARDIAC CYCLE
- DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC PERFORMANCE
- DETERMINATION OF MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND ENERGY METABOLISM
- CORONARY BLOOD FLOW: METABOLIC AND NEUROHORMONAL REGULATION
- CORONARY BLOOD FLOW: CHAMBER MECHANICAL REGULATION
- NEUROHORMONAL REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
- PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING HEART FAILURE
- AGE CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Conclusion
«The techniques of nuclear cardiology permit the noninvasive imaging of myocardial perfusion under stress and resting conditions and of resting regional and global function using radionuclide imaging agents and gamma or positron cameras with...» Document abstract
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44 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
20/07/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryThe techniques of nuclear cardiology permit the noninvasive imaging of myocardial perfusion under stress and resting conditions and of resting regional and global function using radionuclide imaging agents and gamma or positron cameras with associated computer processing.
Myocardial perfusion imaging is the most commonly performed nuclear cardiology technique, and it is employed most often in conjunction with either exercise or pharmacologic stress intended to produce flow heterogeneity between relatively hypoperfused and normally perfused myocardial regions. Radionuclide angiography, in which technetium-99m (99m Tc)-labeled red blood cells or other 99m Tc-labeled agents are injected intravenously, is used for measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and assessment of regional wall motion.
Table of Contents- NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
- Imaging Agents
- Detection of Coronary Heart Disease
- Pharmacologic Stress Imaging
- Assessment of Prognosis
- Determination of Myocardial Viability with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography or Positron Emission Tomography
- Conclusions
«The three major clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerosis also can be found in other arterial beds, especially the renal...» Document abstract
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56 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
19/07/2007
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SummaryThe three major clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerosis also can be found in other arterial beds, especially the renal arteries, where it causes about two thirds of cases of renal artery stenosis.
More than 60 million Americans are estimated to have some form of CVD: 50 million have hypertension, 12.4 million have CHD, and 4.5 million have had a stroke. More than one in five Americans currently have some form of CVD.
CVD accounts for about 950,000 deaths annually in the United States and constitutes more than 40% of all deaths. About 35% of CVD deaths occur prematurely (i.e., in persons <75 years old).
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Importance of Cardiovascular Disease
- DISEASE IMPACT
- SECULAR TRENDS
- ECONOMIC IMPACT
- Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
- UNMODIFIABLE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS
- DYSLIPIDEMIA
- HYPERTENSION
- PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
- OBESITY
- THROMBOTIC AND FIBRINOLYTIC FACTORS
- SYNERGY OF RISK FACTORS
- Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
- Conclusions
«In their work, people can be exposed to dangerous chemicals, hazardous physical agents, emotional stress, and trauma. Any of these occupational exposures can cause disease—sometimes immediately and sometimes after an interval of years or...» Document abstract
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46 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
19/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 8 times
SummaryIn their work, people can be exposed to dangerous chemicals, hazardous physical agents, emotional stress, and trauma. Any of these occupational exposures can cause disease—sometimes immediately and sometimes after an interval of years or decades.
In addition, tens of millions of people of all ages are exposed to environmental toxins. Some are exposed to high levels in well-publicized disasters, but many more are exposed chronically to lower levels. Air pollution, lead, radon, and pesticides are examples of environmental agents that can cause illness and death.
Occupational and environmental exposures cause a broad range of illnesses, and these diseases can involve virtually every organ system
Table of Contents- In their work, people can be exposed to dangerous chemicals, hazardous physical agents, emotional stress, and trauma.
- Occupational and environmental exposures cause a broad range of illnesses, and these diseases can involve virtually every organ system.
- Occupational and environmental diseases are underdiagnosed.
- Until more recently, workers often were not given the names of the materials with which they worked or provided adequate information about the hazards of these materials.
- OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
- DETAILED EXPOSURE HISTORY
- REPORTING AND REFERRAL
- Conclusions
«Patients who use illicit drugs benefit from treatment if they recognize that their substance use is a problem. The transtheoretical model considers a patient on a continuum from precontemplation (denial) toward maintenance...» Document abstract
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28 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
19/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 7 times
SummaryPatients who use illicit drugs benefit from treatment if they recognize that their substance use is a problem. The transtheoretical model considers a patient on a continuum from precontemplation (denial) toward maintenance (abstinence/recovery).
The clinical approach should be tailored to the patient's readiness to change behavior and enter treatment. For all abused drugs, medical follow-up after any acute toxic presentation is essential to address substance abuse issues and possible coexisting medical and psychiatric problems.
Table of Contents- Patients who use illicit drugs benefit from treatment if they recognize that their substance use is a problem.
- Some form of psychosocial treatment is the backbone of substance abuse treatment, be it psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, or counseling.
- Primary care physicians also can make significant contributions.
- Pharmacologic treatment of opioid abuse includes agonist, antagonist, mixed agonist-antagonist, or symptomatic treatment.
- These interventions, which can be delivered by physicians to drug abusers, have played a crucial role in international efforts to limit the spread of HIV infection.
- Specific therapy for the complications of hallucinogen use is nonpharmacologic and involves emotional reassurance and a calm supportive environment.
«Despite dramatic advances in medical science and evidence-based practice, many people turn to other healing approaches, some derived from ancient medical traditions and others from new-age concepts.
Although extraordinarily diverse in their...» Document abstract
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70 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
18/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 7 times
SummaryDespite dramatic advances in medical science and evidence-based practice, many people turn to other healing approaches, some derived from ancient medical traditions and others from new-age concepts.
Although extraordinarily diverse in their nature and purpose, these approaches share enormous appeal, often despite the lack of compelling evidence that they are safe or effective.
The term alternative medicine is used to indicate practices that are used instead of mainstream approaches, whereas complementary medicine refers to practices that are used as adjuncts to conventional medicine.
The most recent term for these approaches, integrative medicine, signals the hope that conventional medicine can embrace any modality that proves to be safe and effective, regardless of its origins, under a more inclusive health care umbrella.
Table of Contents- Definitions and Disciplines
- ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
- BIOLOGICALLY BASED THERAPIES
- MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED METHODS
- MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS
- ENERGY THERAPIES
- Appeal and Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Clinical Approach
- Risks
- Evidence Base
- Failed Approaches
- SUPPORTIVE APPROACHES
- SPECIFIC THERAPIES
«Currently, about 46 million individuals in the United States are cigarette smokers, including 26% of men and 22% of women. People who are less well educated and/or have unskilled occupations are more likely to smoke.
Smoking is responsible for...» Document abstract
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64 slides .ppt
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medical studies
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date published
18/07/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryCurrently, about 46 million individuals in the United States are cigarette smokers, including 26% of men and 22% of women. People who are less well educated and/or have unskilled occupations are more likely to smoke.
Smoking is responsible for about 430,000 preventable U.S. deaths annually. A lifelong smoker has about a one in three chance of dying prematurely from a complication of smoking.
Smoking is the major preventable cause of death in developed countries.
Other forms of tobacco use include pipes and cigars (used by 8.7% of men and 0.3% of women) and smokeless tobacco (5.5% of men and 1% of women).
Smokeless tobacco use in the United States is primarily oral snuff and chewing tobacco, whereas nasal snuff is used to a greater extent in the United Kingdom. Oral snuff (snus) is widely used by men in Sweden.
Table of Contents- Epidemiology
- Harmful Constituents of Tobacco
- Tobacco Addiction
- Tobacco-Related Diseases
- CANCER
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- PULMONARY DISEASE
- OTHER COMPLICATIONS
- Health Hazards of Smokeless Tobacco
- Second Hand Smoke
- Benefits of Quitting
- Treatment of Nicotine Addiction
- Recommendations
«Ionizing radiation occurs as electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength and as accelerated atomic particles (e.g., electrons, protons, neutrons, a-particles).
The injuries caused by ionizing radiation include mutagenic, carcinogenic,...» Document abstract
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52 slides .ppt
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medical studies
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18/07/2007
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SummaryIonizing radiation occurs as electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength and as accelerated atomic particles (e.g., electrons, protons, neutrons, a-particles).
The injuries caused by ionizing radiation include mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects and various acute and chronic tissue reactions, such as erythema, cataract of the lens, sterility, and depression of hematopoiesis.
Table of Contents- Ionizing radiation occurs as electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength and as accelerated atomic particles
- Etiology
- Incidence, Prevalence, and Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- SKIN
- BONE MARROW AND LYMPHOID TISSUE
- INTESTINE
- RESPIRATORY TRACT
- WHOLE BODY RADIATION INJURY
- LOCALIZED OR REGIONAL RADIATION INJURY
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
«Metabolism is a collective term for integrated biochemical processes of the intact organism, differentiated organ, cell, and subcellular organelle.
Normal metabolism enables homeostasis for the organism by maintaining anabolic and catabolic flow...» Document abstract
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84 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
18/07/2007
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SummaryMetabolism is a collective term for integrated biochemical processes of the intact organism, differentiated organ, cell, and subcellular organelle.
Normal metabolism enables homeostasis for the organism by maintaining anabolic and catabolic flow of substrates to products. In the early 20th century, Garrod recognized heritable blocks in normal human metabolic flow that conformed to Mendelian mechanisms of inheritance.
He first coined the term inborn error of metabolism in his Croonian Lectures of 1908, in which he described four diseases—alkaptonuria, albinism, cystinuria, and pentosuria.
Garrod presumed that the patient expressing the full abnormality was homozygous for mutant alleles affecting a specific metabolic flow, whereas the parents were heterozygous for this same inherited block but were clinically normal.
Table of Contents- Metabolism is a collective term for integrated biochemical processes of the intact organism
- The enzyme defect in alkaptonuria was not discovered until 50 years later
- There are many examples, including the insulin receptor, elastin, thyroid peroxidase, and tyrosine hydroxylase.
- One important clinical aspect in defining the genetic component of a metabolic disease is that one can predict, intervene in, and prevent irreversible pathology
- Many disorders are produced by mutant proteins that impair the transport of nutrients into cells.
- An insulin-responsive, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT4) is not Na+ -dependent
«It is useful to think of organisms as protein-synthesizing factories. If that factory is to function at very high levels of efficiency and stability for very long periods of time, the builder should start with an excellent set of blueprints (hence...» Document abstract
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48 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
18/07/2007
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level : General public
requested 2 times
SummaryIt is useful to think of organisms as protein-synthesizing factories. If that factory is to function at very high levels of efficiency and stability for very long periods of time, the builder should start with an excellent set of blueprints (hence the importance of understanding the constitutional genomes of individual patients), hire engineers and supervisors to oversee its construction and maturation
Ensure that the factory functions in a safe environment (hence the importance of protecting patients from teratogens, mutagens, carcinogens, and candidate "gerontogens," such as tobacco smoke), and, finally, initiate rigorous regimens of quality control throughout the life span of the factory (hence the importance of such biologic processes as DNA repair and the detection, reconstitution, and turnover of aberrant proteins).
Table of Contents- The Life Course Approach to the Understanding of Aging
- The Evolutionary Biological Theory of Aging Provides a Satisfactory Explanation for Why We Age
- Classes of Gene Action that Escape the Force of Natural Selection
- Environmentally Triggered Diapause and Caloric Restriction Can Increase the Life Spans of Diverse Organisms
- Human Progeroid Mutations
- Conclusions
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