« organization. . The Standard Oil Company's business strategies further helped define the organization to be a monopoly. . Another ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
school essay
date published
09/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 7 times
SummaryRockefeller’s Standard Oil Company was founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and several of his business associates, including his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner Stephen V. Harkness. It started out as a small Ohio partnership with its base in Cleveland but soon developed into one of the most dominant companies in the northeastern United States, putting numerous small corporations out of business in the process. John D Rockefeller began as a lowly oil business book-keeper in Cleveland, Ohio and in just seven years rose to control a tenth of the entire US oil business. “In the late 19th century the oil industry was a free-for-all, the law of the jungle ruled. Rockefeller used this 'individual freedom' to pursue several extremely successful and deceitful tactics to accumulate capital”.
Table of Contents- The Standard Oil Company's success was partially due to its massive market.
- Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company perfectly displays the actions and activities of a monopolistic organization.
- The Standard Oil Company's business strategies further helped define the organization to be a monopoly.
- Another one of the Standard Oil Company's anti-competitive practice was the redistribution of stock dividends back into the company as opposed to the stock holder's hands.
- In conclusion, the Standard Oil Company was clearly a monopoly and none of the other identified industrial organizations.
- Lastly, the Standard Oil Company did not display monopolistic competition because it in no way tried to misrepresent its product to set it above the rest.
« This implies that prices will be higher in monopoly than in perfect competitive markets. Prices are higher under monopoly than under perfect competition. ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
economics
presentation
date published
28/02/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 223 times
SummaryPredicting firms’ behaviour and reactions to events is central for recent microeconomics. Economists have indeed put forward many theories to analyse firms’ behaviour, main decisions of economic interest relate to outputs, investment, technology and above all prices which is the object of this essay. Price can be defined by “the value of the goods or money that must be given up to acquire a good or service” or, more economically by the average revenue, which corresponds to the total revenue / total output. Generally, it corresponds to the intersection point of the demand and the offer curves. The aim of this essay is to analyse and critically discuss the main factors that determine product prices in the UK. I shall argue that prices depend certainly on firms’ objectives and market structure but more importantly on costs and firms’ strategies.
Table of Contents- Theoretical elements such as how firms' objectives determine price or why market structure influence firms' pricing
- In practice costs and firms' strategies are more crucial. Mark-up pricing, cost-plus theories and firms' marketing strategies notably concerning positioning of the product.
Les internautes ont également acheté To what extent is Richard Branson, the English Tycoon, a very influential person in the British political life?
« Nonetheless, air travel remained a highly regulated industry in which a newcomer had to fight with state-owned monoliths, with monopoly profits from their home ...» Document abstract
$9.95
11 word format
Language : english
economics
presentation
date published
23/01/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 34 times
SummaryRichard Branson is Britain’s best-known entrepreneur. This self-made man started his first company at the age of 17 and succeeded in building an empire. Worth £3 billion and believed to be the ninth-richest man in the UK, the 56-year-old founder of the Virgin empire inspired a generation of entrepreneurs by becoming not only influent in business activities but also in the British political life. Branson is not engaged in any political party and defines himself as a libertarian. He swings between the Conservative and the Labour Parties as long as the economic interests are saved. In December 1999, he was awarded a knighthood in the Queen's Millennium New Year's Honours List for “services to entrepreneurship”.
The aim of this essay is to analyse how important the participation of Richard Branson in the British political life is. Indeed, because of his huge business activities that deal with numerous and various key sectors of the country such as the transport, the energies or the media, Branson has a privileged position vis-à-vis government officials. In a way, he can be considered as a political actor. In order to have a better understanding of this topic, we will first briefly present Richard Branson, known as the British tycoon. Then we will analyse one of his main successes and one of his main defeats within Britain, that are respectively, the launch of his company Virgin Atlantic Airways and his experience with the City of London in 1986. The choice of these cases is relevant as they both involved discussions and negotiations with British political institutions. Finally we will analyse his participation in political actions and political debates.
The aim of this essay is to analyse how important the participation of Richard Branson in the British political life is. Indeed, because of his huge business activities that deal with numerous and various key sectors of the country such as the transport, the energies or the media, Branson has a privileged position vis-à-vis government officials. In a way, he can be considered as a political actor. In order to have a better understanding of this topic, we will first briefly present Richard Branson, known as the British tycoon. Then we will analyse one of his main successes and one of his main defeats within Britain, that are respectively, the launch of his company Virgin Atlantic Airways and his experience with the City of London in 1986. The choice of these cases is relevant as they both involved discussions and negotiations with British political institutions. Finally we will analyse his participation in political actions and political debates.
Table of Contents- How Richard Branson built his own empire and his image
- Branson's success and failure vis-à-vis British institutions
- How Richard Branson succeeded in the airline industry
- The difficult relations between Richard Branson and the British Financial Institution: his experience in the City
- Richard Branson's socio-political actions
- How the cooperation between Branson and the Government was successful
- How Richard Branson get involved in the global warming fight
« At that point, AT&T was the country's only provider of telephone service, but submitted to a compromise in which the government allowed the monopoly to stand ...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
journalism
school essay
date published
29/08/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 5 times
SummaryThe First Amendment to the United States Constitution states that, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances” (quoted in McChesney, 2004, p. 26). Ideally, the “free press” clause ensures that individuals may use the means of mass communication to engage in robust political debate through an open exchange of information and ideas, which must be its primary function in a democratic system of government.
Table of Contents- The functions of mass media in their current commercialized state often prove to be in conflict with this democratic function.
- The former occurred in 1945, following a breakthrough in news distribution.
- The U.S. government filed an injunction against the AP and the Supreme Court upheld it.
- The consolidation of the AP and Western Union created a single commercial entity with unchallenged control over both the content and distribution of an entire medium.
- For example, under the previous regulations, no company could own more than 40 total radio stations
- Then-FCC chairman Michael Powell and others who supported the deregulation measures based their argument on a theory of democracy through free enterprise
- One such flaw is the uneven distribution of resources
- In an advertising-based media market, there is a high premium placed on the ability to attract advertisers
- Even if one concludes that the current market system is the most effective way to facilitate the exchange of conventional consumer products, there are certain aspects of media markets that make them drastically different from those of most other industries.
« in 1648, the Treaties of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years War set an international society in which sovereign states possess the monopoly of force ...» Document abstract
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4 pdf format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
24/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 16 times
SummaryInternational Politics are based upon two main theories, Realism and Liberalism, which are
conventionally opposed, and therefore give two different interpretations of world politics. This essay will focus on the stances of these theories upon the role of the state. But before assessing their viewpoints, it is crucial to understand what the state represents. Already in 1648, the Treaties of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years War set an international society in which sovereign states possess the monopoly of force within their defined territory and behave among themselves through diplomacy and international law, implying a separation between the domestic and international
spheres. The state is a “distinct set of political institutions whose specific concern is with the
organization of the domination in the name of the common interest, within a delimited territory.”
Besides, Max Weber gives the most influential definition of the modern state: “the state is a human
community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.”
Table of Contents- Realism theory
- Liberalism therory
« Ben H. Bagdikian, in his book "the media monopoly" explores the implications of the highly concentrated ownership of the media by a very restricted number of ...» Document abstract
$4.95
5 word format
Language : english
sociology
presentation
date published
14/12/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 29 times
SummaryMass media has undoubtedly become the main medium used to distribute information among the population. The functioning of the mass media is complex and the influence it bares on shaping the audience’s opinions and attitudes colossal, making its control a great source of power. This ensemble of institutions and methods is interrelated with political, economical and social institutions and has therefore been studied in great depth. The aspect that will be examined in this presentation is the functioning of the mass media as large corporations, profit oriented organizations. To understand media functioning it is necessary to have knowledge of who owns those organizations, the pressures and influences they are subjected to, and what affect those elements bear on media content, the information audiences have access to. One of the main sources we used is the book “manufacturing consent, the political economy of the mass media” by Edward S. Herman & Noam Chomsky that proposes a “propaganda model” to explain how media ownership is at the root of what information and messages the audience has access to. The definition of propaganda focuses on the unrestrained process and most specifically on the purpose of the process: propaganda is the intentional and organized attempt to shape perceptions, control and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Propaganda is an attempt to impose a message with an objective that has been established a priori.
The model proposes an explanation, of how media content is used to uphold the dominance of the ruling elite. According to the authors, all news goes through a variety of filters before we, as audiences, have access to them. By the end of this “filtering” process, only what is considered “newsworthy” by the ruling elite reaches us.
The mass media are a form of capitalist enterprise whose owners aim at maximizing their profit. They have evolved similarly to other enterprises undergoing processes concentration including integration, both vertical and horizontal, diversification and internationalization. In the case of vertical integration, media enterprises have expanded into different kinds of businesses in an attempt to control either the sources allowing production or the distribution. Horizontal distribution involves expanding within the same market. Through the processes of internationalization, vertical and horizontal integration, those corporations are no longer simply media corporations, but have become global enterprises involved in a wide variety of sectors of the economy. As with other industries, the media is governed by economy, promoting commodities to consumers, namely the audience, having to deal with competition in order to maximize profit… In his article: “He Who Has the Gold Rules” (February 13, 1996), David Morris points out the fact that the increasing concentration of print and electronic media into mega corporations such as General Electric, Time Warner, Walt Disney Company or CBS Corporation reinforces the basic law of money and politics. The mass media is governed primarily by capitalism.
Ownership of the media has traditionally been in family or State hands and despite the diffusion of share ownership, control remains highly concentrated among a small number of share holders that have interests in a variety of other organizations as a result to a great extent, of the processes of concentration examined in the previous paragraph. Some of those “media giants” are the Cox, Murdoch, and Turner families...
The model proposes an explanation, of how media content is used to uphold the dominance of the ruling elite. According to the authors, all news goes through a variety of filters before we, as audiences, have access to them. By the end of this “filtering” process, only what is considered “newsworthy” by the ruling elite reaches us.
The mass media are a form of capitalist enterprise whose owners aim at maximizing their profit. They have evolved similarly to other enterprises undergoing processes concentration including integration, both vertical and horizontal, diversification and internationalization. In the case of vertical integration, media enterprises have expanded into different kinds of businesses in an attempt to control either the sources allowing production or the distribution. Horizontal distribution involves expanding within the same market. Through the processes of internationalization, vertical and horizontal integration, those corporations are no longer simply media corporations, but have become global enterprises involved in a wide variety of sectors of the economy. As with other industries, the media is governed by economy, promoting commodities to consumers, namely the audience, having to deal with competition in order to maximize profit… In his article: “He Who Has the Gold Rules” (February 13, 1996), David Morris points out the fact that the increasing concentration of print and electronic media into mega corporations such as General Electric, Time Warner, Walt Disney Company or CBS Corporation reinforces the basic law of money and politics. The mass media is governed primarily by capitalism.
Ownership of the media has traditionally been in family or State hands and despite the diffusion of share ownership, control remains highly concentrated among a small number of share holders that have interests in a variety of other organizations as a result to a great extent, of the processes of concentration examined in the previous paragraph. Some of those “media giants” are the Cox, Murdoch, and Turner families...
Table of Contents- The functioning of the free market
- Advertising
- The need for sources of information in the production of news
- ´flak´ : attacking the media by the generation of a negative response generally by the government
« McDonald's use of Direct-Mailing McDonald's restaurants have utilized direct mailing in their latest promotion entitled, "Monopoly - The Best Chances Game(TM ...» Document abstract
$8.95
9 word format
Language : english
marketing
case study
date published
21/01/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 48 times
SummaryDirect mail can be considered as any unsolicited printed material sent directly through the mail or somehow delivered to prospective customers or contributors. Anything from catalogs, flyers, newsletters or brochures or any similar promotional advertisements can be considered direct mail. Prospective and existing clients can benefit from receiving the direct mail advertisement. Prospective clients can benefit from awareness of a product or sales promotion that they may not have known existed.
Table of Contents- Direct Mail
- Effects of Technological Advances
- Legal Precedence
- Economic Impact
- Typical Users of Direct Mail
- Direct Mail as part of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)
- Close the sale
- Complete Information
- Pros and Cons of Direct-Mailing
- The pros
- The cons
- How it is measured
- Coupons
- Mail-in Forms
- How it is purchased
- Production and Handling
- McDonald's use of Direct-Mailing
- Objectives
- Increase Demand
- Increase Product Consumption
- Increase Frequency of Visits
- Target audience
- The Integrated Marketing Campaign
The Second American Revolution
Analysis and Impact of the Republican Economic Legislation of the Civil War Era
« government. In only a few short years since its founding, the party achieved a complete monopoly over all three branches of government. ...» Document abstract
$9.95
11 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
04/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 1 times
SummaryThe United States Civil War was a watershed event for the country. The consequences of the conflict changed the landscape of the country forever. Historian Charles Beard labeled the war “The Second American Revolution”, because he believed that more change took place during this period than any time since the Revolution. The most drastic change that occurred during the period was the abolition of slavery and the freedom given to African-Americans as a result of the passing of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. These three pieces of legislation not only freed the slaves but gave them equal protection under the law. In only a few short years, the entire social structure of the country was uprooted and replaced by a new American society.
Table of Contents- The United States Civil War was a watershed event for the country.
- The government during the war, led by President Abraham Lincoln, was controlled by the Northern Republicans
- While the men who founded the party came from a variety of backgrounds, they came together as an act of defiance against the slavocracy of the South, who they believed would take over the government and spread slavery across the country.
- This delicate economic climate was the situation in which the Republican Party first formed in the 1850s.
- The new party experienced immediate success, winning control of the House of Representatives in the fall of 1854.
- Abraham Lincoln's ideas follow closely with those of Henry Clay, the chief economist of the Whigs.
- In addition to the ability to impose an internal tariff in the country, the Internal Revenue Act included another clause to raise revenue for the war.
- Despite all the disagreements about the Legal Tender Act, it was eventually passed on February 25, 1862, and immediately gave a much need infusion of money to the government.
- The bill proposed by Secretary Chase would seek to remedy the archaic American banking structure.
- The first economic historian to delve into the Civil War was Charles Beard, who labeled the war the 'Second American Revolution.?
- Other historians have focused on the actual passage of the legislation, rather than its long-term effects.
- In the end the Civil War was a landmark even in American history.
« company, the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) operated all generation and transmission as a vertically integrated statutory monopoly, while twelve ...» Document abstract
$9.95
43 word format
Language : english
math
research papers
date published
18/08/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 12 times
SummaryThis report considers the role of optimisation in the asset management of a large distribution network. In particular, we look at how to determine the optimal policy for project release. Projects relating to replacement of existing assets and network re-design may be prioritised given capital rationing and/or performance improvement requirements. We focus on maintenance and replacement of a large distribution network (network structured system) and consider the application to electricity distribution networks. The electricity companies who own the UK electricity distribution networks are under pressure to provide a high quality supply to customers at minimum cost. For this particular problem a zero-one integer linear programming model is proposed for selecting an optimal project portfolio, based on the objectives and constraints of the network owner. The modelling approach described in this study would extend to the financial investment appraisal of capital projects for a broad range of manufacturing and energy related industries such as power generation, refining and water supply.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Optimisation in network asset management
- Aim of research
- Approach
- Asset management within the UK electricity industry
- Historical evolution of electricity in the UK
- The costs and benefits of the restructuring and privatisation of the U.K. Electricity Supply
- The network asset management framework
- How should an electricity supply company optimise its network
- Distinction between ‘Main', ‘Branch' and ‘Spur?
- Previous work in network and asset modelling within UK electricity companies
- Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approaches
- Conclusions and remaining issues
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