What's new : literature - psychology - presentation - research papers - Oboulo.com

$3.95

Add to cart

4 pdf format

Language : english

literature

research papers

published

17/07/2008

review : not yet assessed

level : General public

requested 0 times

Author's resume

Selection criteria

Summary

For the most part, fantastic or otherwise impossible methods of storytelling are ignored in the world of modern and classical literature. In order to accurately appreciate the quandary of the modern “Fantasy” author, one must be aware of the commonplace practice of division and delineation that occurs in the world of literature. Writing is often deemed truly literary only if the literal symbols used to describe more abstract concepts are easily relatable to the time in which they are written; that is to say that mythological concepts are only acceptable if they are expressed as allegorical allusions to real-world phenomena, specifically ones that are relevant to the time in which the work is written. Orwell’s Animal Farm is forgiven for talking farm animals and seemingly mystical wisdom only because they are intentionally representative of totemic archetypes in man, and the folly of their governmental system, due to the fact that the reader is made unaware of these allusions by an engaging surface tale (Rodden, p. xviii). Authors such as JRR Tolkien, in contrast, have claimed their intentional evasion of such allegory, and even insisted that such allegory hurts the nature of this genre of writing.

Substance abuse has been a significant problem for adolescents in recent years, prompting many community programs for awareness, prevention, and treatment. In a recent survey of nearly 50,000 U.S. students, nearly 50% of high school seniors and 20% of eighth graders reported having used marijuana within the past year (Feldman, 2008). Outside of the criminal activity involved with underage tobacco and alcohol use and illicit and prescription drug use, parents have to worry about the possibility of addiction, with its accompanying academic, physical, social, and emotional consequences. Even worse, the poorer judgment skills of adolescents puts them at higher risk for overdose when abusing substances, which could cause serious health damage and even death. Current research and practice focuses on prevention, including risk factors, consequences of abuse, and effective treatment. The majority of this research, however, finds significant differences in ethnic groups, revealing the need for differentiation between Caucasian, Hispanic, and African-American adolescents in these areas. Hispanic adolescents, for example, use drugs at much higher rates than Caucasians and African Americans, especially when it comes to alcohol, crack, heroin, and Rohypnol.

The Internet has been hailed as one of the greatest technological advancements of human history. It brings people together, and gives people unprecedented access to information from every part of the world. In the past decade the Internet, and its number of uses and applications, have grown very rapidly. This is putting a large strain on the infrastructure behind the internet. The current infrastructure that supports the Internet will not be adequate to meet the future demands primarily due to the lack of end user bandwidth but also due to the lack of a sweeping drive to improve or redo the underlying infrastructure. In the seventies and eighties, there were many networks being created for academic purposes, such as the ARPANET which spawned what was known as the NSFNET, under the direction of the National Science Foundation, and many other special purpose networks large and small

According to the National Coalition on Healthcare, nearly 47 million Americans go without health insurance (NCHC 2008). That means that sixteen percent of the American population cannot afford to get treated when they are sick, injured, or possibly dying. Within that number, seventy percent are employed. Therefore, the statistics show that middle class American’s are either not being paid enough to cover the expense of healthcare, or that the healthcare system has changed from a service industry into a manufacturing industry where supply and demand override quality of life. This issue has spread into the public mainstream via pop culture avenues, such as Michael Moore’s documentary Sicko, which promotes socialized medical care by comparing foreign policies with America.

With the rising number of television sets in American households post World War II, came hope that this unprecedented tool of mass media would bridge the socioeconomic, racial, and cultural divides splintering the county. However, since television’s conception in the late 1930’s, it has further alienated racial minority groups from the consumer oriented, white hegemony dominating the American stratum. With a few exceptions, television has vastly contributed to a sort of unconscious racism, fortified by prejudiced stereotypes and under representation of minorities, and in particular, African Americans. W.E.B. Du Bois, the revolutionary black civil rights activist and author wrote in his The Souls of Black Folk (1903) that “the Negro is … born with a veil, and gifted with the second-sight in this American world, –a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world.”(3). A featured article in the Journal of Popular Film and Television titled “African Americans in Film and Television: Twentieth Century Lesson for the New Millennium,” Jannette Dates and Thomas Mascaro refer to the same Du Bois piece, highlighting his notion of a “double consciousness … [the] sense of always looking one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that look son in amused contempt and pity.” (Du Bois, 3). Though Du Bois obviously wasn’t speaking of television when he wrote these words (as it hadn’t been invented yet), they nonetheless, can be applied to the manner in which black people in America have been treated with regard to popular media – without a voice of true self-expression in a white-run medium.

Chaucer’s “Troilus and Criseyde” consistently and emphatically stresses the absolute nature of courtly love and its proclivity to incite moral responsibility with relation to one’s sense of free will and personal obligation. Chaucer toys with the notion of Troilus’ free will versus his manipulation by outside forces as a result of what J. Allan Mitchell in his essay, Romancing Ethics in Boethius, Chaucer, and Levinas: Fortune, Moral Luck and Erotic Adventure terms “radical passivity.” (102). In Troilus’ inaction in the face of courtly love, he surrenders his ability to choose and succumbs to the will of the external forces of Fate, Fortune, and Love. The subjection of one’s self to a higher authority consequently results in action out of necessity; thus a disavowal of freewill that paves fatalistic avenues which eventually seal one’s fate. After this “point of choice,” (referring to the moment when an individual must act on behalf of his free will or remain passive (Patch, 236)) Troilus neglects any responsibility for his actions and instead relinquishes his fate to the will of external determinants. Simply put, the inaction of Troilus at decisive moments gives rise, or necessitates, the action of other forces – his passivity causes the effects of his destiny. In true symmetrical form, Chaucer’s narrative follows the same formula of cause and effect. The narrator acknowledges his sources as historical texts, therefore the reader already knows how the story ends from the very first page – the deterministic path for which the plot will proceed. Furthermore, Chaucer’s narrator frequently reminds the reader that he is merely relaying the story of other authors, displacing any authorial responsibility he might be held accountable for and thus submitting his freedom of choice to external forces – his auctors. Essentially, Chaucer’s narrative parallels the same fundamental question Troilus poses of predestination, allotting his character’s a certain degree of independence, though their outcome is already known. (Owen, 440).

The journey to self-discovery is a highlighting period for many young adults. Many filmmakers utilize those coming-of-age experiences to express the reality and pains of growing older. One contemporary example of this genre is Garden State. Released in 2004, this film transcends beyond the typical search for self-identity and purpose. The true connection of this movie with the audience lies within the soundtrack, which expresses a variety of musical perspectives and intimately parallels the feelings of the characters. Directed and starred by Zach Braff, a young and popular actor, Garden State unveils a modern-day perspective into the random encounters life has to offer and the music that narrates the feelings felt during the ride. Garden State is a heartfelt story of Andrew Largeman’s journey away from the problems he realizes he “may not even have” (Braff). Prompted by the death of his mother, the movie follows Andrew’s return to Newark, New Jersey after nine years of living in Los Angeles.

Taking hallucinogenic drugs can be a trip down heaven or hell. Hallucinogens are a type of drug that distorts or alters the way a person perceives the world. Taking hallucinogens is like entering into a completely different world which simultaneously became part of the human world. The emerge of hallucinogens has two every opposite but unique results. These results are known as a trip to “heaven” or a trip to “hell”. A trip to “heaven” means that that the results were a success. A trip to “hell” means uncomfortable, scary feelings. These two complete opposite effects do have one common result both of them are mind altering effects.

As I have studied many theories of counseling, I have found characteristics within those theories that I agree with and would like to adopt, but there is no one established theory that I will adopt wholeheartedly. The model that would most closely describe my personal counseling style would be Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), although I would like to integrate elements of Adlerian, Behavioral, Existential, and Feminist therapies. The therapy elements I have chosen to adopt fit into my personal belief that psychology and religion are complimentary disciplines, as “God’s sovereignty reigns over the contents of both,” as they have “one Author and describe a single reality” (Entwistle, 2004, p. 229-230). While I intend to integrate my Christian values and beliefs into my counseling style, I also wish to maintain the flexibility of counseling non-religious clients, requiring an accurate understanding of counseling theory in a secular fashion.

Many types of therapy have been called cognitive behavior therapy. Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) deals with cognition and behavior, assuming that people contribute to their psychological symptoms and issues by the way they interpret events and situations. REBT also assumes that people are born with both the potential to think rationally and to think irrationally, to be happy and loving and grow, as well as to make mistakes, be imperfect, and avoid growth. Emotional and behavioral problems start when people confuse preferences for needs. These irrational beliefs are learned in childhood from significant others as well as coming up with superstitions by ourselves. These beliefs and accompanying behaviors are reinforced by self-repetition, so they continue into adulthood. Ellis assumed that people do not need to be loved or accepted, and that most emotional disturbances are the result of blame. To solve these problems, people need to accept their imperfections and recognize and remove their irrational beliefs.

Cognitive behavior therapy.
1. REBT's theory of personality.
2. Therapy goals.
3. The therapist's role.
4. The client's role.
5. Techniques used by REBT therapists.
6. Short term therapy.
7. Alternatives to REBT.
Reality therapy.
1. Reality Therapy theory.
2. Reality therapy's goals.
3. The therapist's role.
4. How Reality therapy works.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Table of Contents