«Wondering how similar animals are to ourselves is not a recent question to philosophy or research science. Pet owners are all aware of the mystery behind how it seems like a beloved cat or dog just “knows” when the day has been horrible. More recent...» Document abstract
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7 word format
Language : english
psychology
presentation
date published
11/12/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryWondering how similar animals are to ourselves is not a recent question to philosophy or research science. Pet owners are all aware of the mystery behind how it seems like a beloved cat or dog just “knows” when the day has been horrible. More recent research has taken this philosophical question to a different level by examining the cognitive abilities of a number of animals, and what drives some of their more intelligent behaviors. How animals communicate with one another, or how they seem to communicate with us in domestic situations, has been a hot topic for several decades. At the heart of this is studying animal language acquisition. Researchers have been trying to determine if any animal, particularly the great apes, are capable of understanding and using a human language system. Many studies have been undertaken to assess the language skills of common chimpanzees, the bonobo chimps, and several different skills of the gorillas.
«In determining the five most critical aspects of a media strategy, our group immediately noticed that there was correlation between the question asked and a portion of our class notes. In class on October 15, 2007, Dr. Parrish-Sprowl identified what...» Document abstract
$9.95
18 word format
Language : english
psychology
term papers
date published
11/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 4 times
SummaryIn determining the five most critical aspects of a media strategy, our group immediately noticed that there was correlation between the question asked and a portion of our class notes. In class on October 15, 2007, Dr. Parrish-Sprowl identified what he believed to be the most important aspects of an effective media strategy. As graduate students, we felt it necessary to get secondary sources to confirm these five aspects and thus each section includes an additional resource that states the importance of the particular ingredient that is needed for an effective media strategy. The five most important aspects of an effective media strategy are : defining a goal, choosing the media you will use, selecting a target audience, creating and following a budget, and planning, timeline, and management. These items are all interrelated and are of equal importance, although the weight and attention given to them may vary depending on the particular media strategy.
«Communication is an omnipresent concept that traverses all aspects of an individual's life. However, when asked exactly what communication encompasses or how to define it, even communication scholars are left perplexed or overwhelmed at the varying...» Document abstract
$7.95
8 word format
Language : english
psychology
term papers
date published
11/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 4 times
SummaryCommunication is an omnipresent concept that traverses all aspects of an individual's life. However, when asked exactly what communication encompasses or how to define it, even communication scholars are left perplexed or overwhelmed at the varying degrees of answers that will undoubtedly be given to depict what communication actually is. Why is this? Communication appears in our world in a plethora of avenues and in countless ways due to varying degrees of association. Therefore, with innumerable ways of analyzing and discussing communication, a tangible model or theory of communication needed to be developed in order to better communicate about communication not only as a field but also a human construct. Robert T. Craig recognized the need to develop a metamodel in able to formulate more identifiable and valid communication theories within the field of communication studies. Craig posits in his article Communication Theory as a Field, "communication theory [is] a dialogical-dialectical field according to two principles: the constitutive model of communication as a metamodel and theory as a metadiscursive practice" (Craig, 1999). Craig is hypothesizing that communication theory should operate within an analytical space of logical argumentation, its dialectical nature, formulated through dialogue.
«A person’s motor ability may be influenced by one’s sex and verbal tasks. We hypothesized that a difficult verbal task would interfere with motor skills on the right hand more for men than women due to lateralization of the brain. The balancing...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
psychology
presentation
date published
07/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryA person’s motor ability may be influenced by one’s sex and verbal tasks. We hypothesized that a difficult verbal task would interfere with motor skills on the right hand more for men than women due to lateralization of the brain. The balancing times of a dowel were compared between males and females between 6 different conditions. They either used their right or left hand to balance while saying the alphabet forwards, backwards or not at all. The hypothesis was supported with males performing worst with the right hand backwards condition (p<.005). This corroborated with previous research on the topic. Future research might want to take brain imaging into consideration.
«To have understood which schedules of reinforcement produce a desired behavior, we examined whether a Fixed Ratio (FR) scale was more effective than a Fixed Interval (FI) scale. Subjects participated in an interview and were unaware that they were...» Document abstract
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2 word format
Language : english
psychology
case study
date published
07/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryTo have understood which schedules of reinforcement produce a desired behavior, we examined whether a Fixed Ratio (FR) scale was more effective than a Fixed Interval (FI) scale. Subjects participated in an interview and were unaware that they were being reinforced on an FR, or FI schedule. Other studies have shown an FR scale to be more effective than an FI scale, so it was expected that FR schedules would produce more self-referenced statements (SRS) than FI in the last five minutes. The results didn’t support this hypothesis since there was no effect of reinforcement on the number of SRS in the last five minutes (p>.05). Variability in the data could have influenced the results.
«Depression may be influenced by age differences. Other studies showed no relationship between age and depression so one should expect no relationship between the two in further studies. Data was obtained from 41 college students in order to...» Document abstract
$2.95
3 word format
Language : english
psychology
case study
date published
27/11/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 1 times
SummaryDepression may be influenced by age differences. Other studies showed no relationship between age and depression so one should expect no relationship between the two in further studies. Data was obtained from 41 college students in order to determine relationships between the profile of Mood States (POMS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Life Change Inventory (LCI). Within the administration of the POMS, only the Profile of Mood States for Depression (POMSD) was used for this study. The POMSD did not show a correlation with age (p>.05), and the BDI showed no relationship to age (p>.05). Although no correlations were found, considering other reasons for the results are important. Because of problems in construct validity, the results are nonsignificant.
«Paranormal belief is a controversial topic within society and many of its advocates and opponents are both victim to biases in their advocating for or against it. Paranormal belief implies a belief in phenomena that currently cannot be explained by...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
psychology
school essay
date published
27/11/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 4 times
SummaryParanormal belief is a controversial topic within society and many of its advocates and opponents are both victim to biases in their advocating for or against it. Paranormal belief implies a belief in phenomena that currently cannot be explained by science. These ideas can range from precognition to the belief in life after death or God. Precognition entails the ability to know something before it occurs through extrasensory perceptions. The acceptance of these ideas is rewarding because it allows the believer to have a sense of greater meaning and may also indicate a curiosity within the realm of that which we do not yet understand.
«GABAA Receptor The GABAA receptor is a member of the superfamily of ligand-activated ion channels in the cell membrane. GABA type A (GABAA) receptors are most closely related to strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, more distantly related to...» Document abstract
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5 word format
Language : english
psychology
presentation
date published
26/11/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryGABAA Receptor The GABAA receptor is a member of the superfamily of ligand-activated ion channels in the cell membrane. GABA type A (GABAA) receptors are most closely related to strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, more distantly related to acetylcholine nicotonic receptors and serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) [5-HT] type receptors, and even more distantly related to glutamate ionotropic receptors (AMPA and kainate receptors and NMDA receptors). GABAA receptors are heteropentameric protein complexes, which when activated undergo a series of conformational changes that form an open channel (pore) selectively permeable to anions, specifically chlorine anion (Cl–) and to a lesser degree (HCO–3). Receptor activation normally results in an influx of Cl– which rapidly and transiently hyperpolarizes the membrane, a process generally referred to as the generation of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential. The increase in Cl– flux also decreases the resistance of the membrane, which acts as a shunt to impede the ability of depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potentials to elicit action potentials (nerve impulses). For this reason, inhibitory synapses are most effective when located near the point at which action potentials are initiated, usually the axon hillock. Therefore, it is not surprising that GABAergic inhibitory synapses are often concentrated on neuronal cell bodies near the axon hillock.
«Glutamate Receptors Glutamate receptors are found throughout the brain and are expressed on both neurons and glia, although not all glutamate receptor subtypes are found on both cell types. Glutamate receptors, sometimes referred to as excitatory...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
psychology
research papers
date published
26/11/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 1 times
SummaryGlutamate Receptors Glutamate receptors are found throughout the brain and are expressed on both neurons and glia, although not all glutamate receptor subtypes are found on both cell types. Glutamate receptors, sometimes referred to as excitatory amino acid receptors, were initially classified into N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate, and kainate receptors on the basis of their preferential activation by these exogenous agonists. More recently, five categories of glutamate receptors (NMDA, kainate, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid [AMPA], L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4), and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid [ACPD] receptors) have been established on the basis of pharmacological, electrophysiological, and molecular biological criteria. The L-AP4 receptor type is defined by its agonist and acts as an inhibitory autoreceptor, while the quisqualate receptors of the previous classification have been subdivided by means of more-specific agonists into AMPA and ACPD receptors. AMPA and Kainate receptors are sometimes collectively referred to as non-NMDA receptors. NMDA, kainate and AMPA receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors; the L-AP4 and ACPD receptors are grouped as metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated cation-specific channels that are activated rapidly (milliseconds), whereas metabotropic receptors coupled to G proteins and second-messenger systems function more slowly on a scale of several hundred milliseconds to seconds.
«In addition to similarities in neuronal organization, monoaminergic systems are similar with regard to their synthesis, storage, and degradation. Monoamines are synthesized within neurons from common amino acid precursors and taken up into synaptic...» Document abstract
$2.95
3 word format
Language : english
psychology
presentation
date published
13/11/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 2 times
SummaryIn addition to similarities in neuronal organization, monoaminergic systems are similar with regard to their synthesis, storage, and degradation. Monoamines are synthesized within neurons from common amino acid precursors and taken up into synaptic vesicles via a vesicular monoamine transporter. Upon stimulation, vesicles within nerve terminals release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Once released, the monoamines interact with postsynaptic receptors to alter the excitability of postsynaptic cells. Monoamines may also interact with presynaptic autoreceptors located on the nerve terminal to suppress further release. In addition, released monoamines may be taken back up from the synaptic cleft into the nerve terminal by plasma membrane transporter proteins. Reuptake plays an important role in limiting the magnitude and duration of action of synaptically released monoamines. Once monoamines are taken up, they may be subject to enzymatic degradation or they may be protected from degradation by uptake into vesicles. The processing of acetylcholine differs from this scheme, and is described below.
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