«The anatomical organization of monoaminergic systems shares a number of common features. Monoaminergic systems are strikingly divergent: monoaminergic cell bodies are generally found in aggregates located in a few restricted subcortical brain...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe anatomical organization of monoaminergic systems shares a number of common features. Monoaminergic systems are strikingly divergent: monoaminergic cell bodies are generally found in aggregates located in a few restricted subcortical brain regions. Individual monoaminergic neurons typically possess long and extensively branched axonal processes, innervating a large number of postsynaptic cells. This organization may permit monoaminergic systems to exert control in a coordinated manner over diverse brain regions. The actions of monoamines in particular brain areas are determined not only by the extent of monoamine innervation, but also by the receptor subtypes expressed in these regions. Monoaminergic receptors are diverse with regard to their regional and synaptic localization within the brain, and to the intracellular signaling systems to which they couple. This receptor diversity provides a means through which a single signaling molecule may produce effects that vary in different postsynaptic neurons.
«Ultimately the effects of monoamines on CNS function and behavior depend upon their interactions with receptor molecules. The binding of monoamines to these plasma membrane proteins initiates a series of intracellular events that modulate neuronal...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryUltimately the effects of monoamines on CNS function and behavior depend upon their interactions with receptor molecules. The binding of monoamines to these plasma membrane proteins initiates a series of intracellular events that modulate neuronal excitability. Unlike the transporters, multiple receptor subtypes exist for each monoamine transmitter. The initial classification of many receptor subtypes was based on radioligand binding studies. Receptor binding sites were identified on the basis of the rank order of binding affinities for a number of agonist and antagonist compounds. More recently, the molecular cloning of monoamine receptors has confirmed that many of the sites initially defined by these binding studies did indeed correspond to distinct receptor proteins encoded by unique genes. Molecular cloning has also led to the identification of previously unknown receptors, and to the introduction of powerful tools to characterize receptor structure and function.
«The human brain contains approximately 1011 nerve cells or neurons. In general, neurons are composed of four morphologically identified regions: (1) the cell body or soma, which contains the nucleus and can be considered the metabolic center of the...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe human brain contains approximately 1011 nerve cells or neurons. In general, neurons are composed of four morphologically identified regions: (1) the cell body or soma, which contains the nucleus and can be considered the metabolic center of the neuron; (2) the dendrites, processes that arise from the cell body, branch extensively, and serve as the major recipient zones of input from other neurons; (3) the axon, a single process that arises from a specialized portion of the cell body (the axon hillock) and conveys information to other neurons; and (4) the axon terminals, fine branches near the end of the axon that form contacts (synapses) generally with the dendrites or the cell bodies of other neurons, release neurotransmitters, and thereby provide a mechanism for interneuronal communication.
«Synaptic plasticity is a property of adult as well as developing or young cortex, and reflects how synaptic strength changes with experience. Its relevance to psychiatry is seen in the course of the illnesses psychiatrists treat. Clinical research...» Document abstract
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SummarySynaptic plasticity is a property of adult as well as developing or young cortex, and reflects how synaptic strength changes with experience. Its relevance to psychiatry is seen in the course of the illnesses psychiatrists treat. Clinical research supports the notion that psychiatric illnesses progress and become more refractory to treatment over time. This has been demonstrated most clearly in bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. The expression or severity of an illness changing over time implies an underlying change in the neurobiology of the illness. Neuroscience studies of learning and memory have helped to illuminate the plasticity of adult cortex, which can be used as a blueprint for brain changes associated with psychiatric illnesses. What evidence is there for structural brain changes with learning?
«The wonder of development is that a structure as complex as the human brain originates from a flat sheet of embryologic ectoderm. The final, formed brain shows remarkable order in its predictable cortical layering, its diversity of cortical areas,...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe wonder of development is that a structure as complex as the human brain originates from a flat sheet of embryologic ectoderm. The final, formed brain shows remarkable order in its predictable cortical layering, its diversity of cortical areas, and the numerous networks linking specific cortical areas and subcortical structures. To have cells choosing to become a certain neuronal type, attaining the correct laminar position, finding the correct target, and expressing the correct neurotransmitters at first seems overwhelmingly difficult. However, the final, breathtakingly complex set of connections in the human brain depends on a series of much simpler decisions as neurons become progressively more restricted in the choices they make. These decisions require the subtle interplay of genetic and environmental factors; much has been learned at a molecular level about these processes. At first glance this information seems most relevant to mental retardation or autistic disorder, in which abnormal brain development results in lifelong disability. However, even schizophrenia is believed to originate in subtle aberrant brain development, and understanding it requires an understanding of its etiology.
«The early postnatal years are marked by a rapid maturation of cognitive, social, and behavioral abilities as infants progress from helplessness to autonomy, and children and adolescents develop more sophisticated ways of thinking. The information...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe early postnatal years are marked by a rapid maturation of cognitive, social, and behavioral abilities as infants progress from helplessness to autonomy, and children and adolescents develop more sophisticated ways of thinking. The information and abilities acquired by infants, children, and adolescents are staggering. The impact that these early years have on personality development and behavior is profound, longlasting, and at times, refractory to treatment interventions. The consequences of physical or emotional childhood trauma are seen in every psychiatric practice. For such dramatic cognitive, behavioral, and emotional changes, there must be an underlying neurobiological substrate. Neuroscience is exploring the structural and functional foundations of normal postnatal maturation and how it is impacted by the environment.
«The vast majority of mental processes are outside of conscious awareness. These processes can impact thinking, feeling, and behavior despite the lack of conscious awareness. Consciousness can be thought to include two elements: awareness and...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe vast majority of mental processes are outside of conscious awareness. These processes can impact thinking, feeling, and behavior despite the lack of conscious awareness. Consciousness can be thought to include two elements: awareness and sentience, the quality of the experience. Each form of consciousness has intrigued philosophers and scientists for many years and various theories have been proposed to explain these phenomena. Little is known about the basic mechanisms that underlie the sentient experience of consciousness. Phenomenal awareness has been the focus of active research and has yielded some basic ideas about the role of consciousness in cognition. One essential issue is that the effective processing of mental representations does not require conscious awareness. However, the intentional, strategic alteration in patterns of processing may necessitate the involvement of consciousness in order to achieve a new outcome. Thus, consciousness is not required for most processes, but its involvement allows for a qualitatively different result in representational transformations. One example of this is in memory processing in which explicit memory requires focal, conscious attention or awareness in order to encode events into explicit form. Such representations are later available for conscious retrieval when they can be examined and transformed for intentional purposes, such as the recollection of facts or autobiographical knowledge.
«The fields relevant to this overview are a part of the interdisciplinary studies of cognitive science, which includes anthropology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psycholinguistics, artificial intelligence and computational science,...» Document abstract
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psychology
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SummaryThe fields relevant to this overview are a part of the interdisciplinary studies of cognitive science, which includes anthropology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psycholinguistics, artificial intelligence and computational science, and neuroscience. Each of these disciplines provides an important and unique perspective on how to understand the human psyche. Biological, psychodynamic, and social psychiatry can find a common home and language within cognitive science. The common divisions of nature versus nurture and biology versus psychology disappear when the origins of mental processes are examined.
«It’s safe to say that practically everyone has experienced a dream at some point in their lives. Loads of dreams, it seems, are nothing but a blur of pictures floating through our minds while we rest. In fact, most people don’t consider their dreams...» Document abstract
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psychology
research papers
date published
23/10/2007
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SummaryIt’s safe to say that practically everyone has experienced a dream at some point in their lives. Loads of dreams, it seems, are nothing but a blur of pictures floating through our minds while we rest. In fact, most people don’t consider their dreams to be much besides recollections of previously experienced thoughts or imaginations/fantasies. Indeed, dreams can in fact be any and all of those things. However, the realm of dreams is infinitely deeper than any average person can imagine. What most perceive as enhanced imagination, some actually see as a whole separate reality. It is with lucid dreaming that this reality truly comes alive and can perhaps be utilized. With lucid dreaming, the mind can be expanded well past the boundaries of everyday ordinary comprehension, to a world where one’s imagination is one’s reality.
«I have always been wary of psychoanalysis. In my own studies of psychology, I have preferred personality psychology to social psychology, but psychoanalysis has always rested somewhere between the two. A personal prejudice, perhaps, since...» Document abstract
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psychology
school essay
date published
19/10/2007
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SummaryI have always been wary of psychoanalysis. In my own studies of psychology, I have preferred personality psychology to social psychology, but psychoanalysis has always rested somewhere between the two. A personal prejudice, perhaps, since psychoanalysis is concerned only with personality, but I find its pessimistic focus to be more closely related to a collectivist study.
I digress.
Psychoanalysis makes room only for the abnormal personality. From hysteria to bisexuality, the science searches for these small failures in the human psyche, the mistakes of development, the errors within that blueprint that we should all follow. But this idea of a blueprint, a right way to form, seems to me a social psychological notion. We are meant to be the same; only when we are mistakes do we earn a sense of individuality.
I digress.
Psychoanalysis makes room only for the abnormal personality. From hysteria to bisexuality, the science searches for these small failures in the human psyche, the mistakes of development, the errors within that blueprint that we should all follow. But this idea of a blueprint, a right way to form, seems to me a social psychological notion. We are meant to be the same; only when we are mistakes do we earn a sense of individuality.
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