«A human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro...» Document abstract
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medical studies
case study
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SummaryA human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro reflex and several others (Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundations, Inc. Reflex. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex#Significance, Viewed 04/22/07). Other reflexes, such as the knee jerk response stay with us for ever. Doctors use reflexes such as the knee jerk reflex, also called the Patellar Reflex, to see if the person’s sensory neurons, motor neurons and spinal cord are working properly.
Table of Contents- A human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex.
- In this particular reflex, the tendon connected to the quadriceps is tapped causing the muscles of the quadriceps to stretch.
- Procedures were followed exactly as detailed in Foundations of Biology
- Based solely on our experiments our hypothesis for the Patellar reflex was confirmed.
- As with any experiment, human error can always influence results, making the conclusions not as apply able, especially since a small sample size was used.
«Our bodies and many other animals’ cells extracellular and intracellular fluids are mainly comprised of water with ionized salts in solution. These salts, mainly Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ( Foundations Of Biology: Cell and Organ Physiology,...» Document abstract
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Language : english
biology
case study
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02/10/2007
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SummaryOur bodies and many other animals’ cells extracellular and intracellular fluids are mainly comprised of water with ionized salts in solution. These salts, mainly Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ( Foundations Of Biology: Cell and Organ Physiology, Faculty of the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior SUNY Stony Brook; Pacific Crest 2007, Lisle IL: pg 9) can appear in an organism in different times in varying amounts. Animals, including humans regulate the different concentrations of salt in their bodies versus the environment through osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute potential to an area of high solute potential ( Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Osmosis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis. Viewed 02/14/07).
Table of Contents- Introduction
- Our bodies and many other animals' cells extracellular and intracellular fluids are mainly comprised of water with ionized salts in solution.
- In this experiment, we used two organisms, Nereis virens, a worm which are usually found on floor of a shallow body of water, usually salt water.
- The worm on the other hand has no mechanism to regulate salinity, so when placed in a hypo osmotic environment the worms` cell would intake water and gain volume and not be able to release any, changing its internal salinity.
- Methods
- In our experiment we weren't able to obtain Nereis virens so there for preparing two watch glasses for each salinity was not needed
- The 500 ml was then split up between two groups running similar experiments, so that each watch glass still had 250 ml with the proper salt concentrations.
- Results
- Our results show, as seen in Figure 5, that at a 75% salt solution the clams have a slight decrease in weight while the worms have a significant increase in their weight.
- Discussion
- The experiment with the clams was conducted by us; however other problems might have contributed to the data.
«The heart is probably one of the most important muscles in an organism’s body. It is what drives the flow of nutrients, oxygen, and other vital cells across an organism’s body. In different organisms the heart can have slightly different anatomical...» Document abstract
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Language : english
biology
case study
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02/10/2007
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SummaryThe heart is probably one of the most important muscles in an organism’s body. It is what drives the flow of nutrients, oxygen, and other vital cells across an organism’s body. In different organisms the heart can have slightly different anatomical features as compared to other organisms. In humans, the heart is divided into 4 chambers; the left and right atriums as well as the left and right ventricles. Each chamber is separated by muscle walls and by special valves, the semi lunar and cuspids, which allow blood to flow into appropriate chambers and to make sure oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood do not mix, allowing for 100% separation.
Table of Contents- The heart is probably one of the most important muscles in an organism's body.
- The blood in the frog heart gets pumped through the different chambers and throughout the body by contraction of the muscle cells in the heart.
- It can be said that the modern Internet began with the formation of several online communities.
- Modern medicine now uses technology which records the depolarization of the heart and graphs them allowing us to calculate heart rates and strengths.
- Although the heart is able to regulate itself, the nervous system is able to regulate the strength and duration of contractions.
- In this experiment we measured the mechanical and electrical activity of the Frog heart.
- Based exclusively on the data our hypothesis is supported, but it can not be applied because it was not carried out under optimal conditions.
«Acid rain has always been said to damage the plant life which absorbs the acid water as it would regular water. In this experiment we have decided to see whether this is true and if acid content of water has any effect on plant growth. We have setup...» Document abstract
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Language : english
biology
case study
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02/10/2007
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SummaryAcid rain has always been said to damage the plant life which absorbs the acid water as it would regular water. In this experiment we have decided to see whether this is true and if acid content of water has any effect on plant growth. We have setup an experiment and predict that pH will affect the height and leaf lengths of fast plants. Also we predict that the control will provide the largest plants.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- The Wisconsin Fast Plant (Brassica rapa) is a special breed of plant that was developed to be used in scientific experiments.
- Method
- Due to the short time allotted for this experiment, fast plants were used.
- Each group was grown in separate planting quads.
- Results
- It is important to note that certain plants did not grow, which meant less data was available.
- Discussion
- It is obvious that a pH concentration of 4 is ideal for plant growth, even thought the data for leaf lengths says otherwise.
- This experiment as well as the questions raised by it can be very helpful in acquiring an understanding of plant life
«To highlight what constitutes the foundation of Man, anthropologists, ethnographers, and theologians like Jonathan Smith, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Clifford Geertz constantly study “savage” societies, societies very different from our own. Scholars...» Document abstract
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biology
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SummaryTo highlight what constitutes the foundation of Man, anthropologists, ethnographers, and theologians like Jonathan Smith, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Clifford Geertz constantly study “savage” societies, societies very different from our own. Scholars endlessly debate which characteristics all people possess and try to find a definition of religion that holds true for all societies and all religions, yet they never seem to consider the large discrepancies in research methods.
Table of Contents- To highlight what constitutes the foundation of Man, anthropologists, ethnographers, and theologians like Jonathan Smith, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Clifford Geertz constantly study 'savage' societies, societies very different from our own.
- Anthropologists then can use their data to classify religions and 'attempt to distinguish: religion from other taxa of human experience and expression' various taxa within religion, [and]'taxa within a particular religion.?
- To solve this problem of ambiguous classifications, Smith proposes first '[selecting] a single taxic indicator that appears to function within the tradition as an internal agent of discrimination.?
- Claude LŽvi-Strauss views anthropology as a method of finding 'the unshakable basis of human society.?
- To best study societies, Lévi-Strauss also feels the need to study the most basic and primitive, to 'reach the extreme limits of the savage.?
- Geertz criticizes LŽvi-Strauss's method, saying he contradicts himself by claiming that his profession is a 'personal quest driven by a personal vision,?
- This inability to fully understand one culture and the lack of comparison resulting from the study of only one culture, leaves anthropologists with a seemingly hopeless dilemma
«Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast. It uses the NADH produced by glycolysis and “regenerates” more NAD+ which is then again used by glycolysis. The process of Alcohol fermentation is the one we...» Document abstract
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biology
presentation
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02/10/2007
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SummaryFermentation is the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast. It uses the NADH produced by glycolysis and “regenerates” more NAD+ which is then again used by glycolysis. The process of Alcohol fermentation is the one we will be focusing on. In this process the 3-carbon pyurvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol. So it turns out that for every molecule of ethanol that is produced a molecule of CO2 is produced as well. This makes CO2 a very useful measuring tool for the success or failure of a fermentation experiment.
Table of Contents- Introduction:
- Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast.
- The experiment my group and I set up allowed us to collect Carbon dioxide in a tube and hence find out the effectiveness of fermentation on different substances such as yeast, glucose and water.
- For our fermentation experiment we used a rather straightforward procure.
- Results:
- At 26 degrees Celsius, the initial amount of CO2 present in the test tubes was zero mL. From there Test tube #1 gained CO2 at an initially slow pace
- It ended up with 95 mL of carbon dioxide after 25 minutes. Tube #3 also saw a considerable jump in carbon dioxide after 10 minutes, at which time it was at 19 mL, it then went up to 41, 61 and ended at 84 at 5 minutes intervals.
- Discussion:
- This experiment has great implications to the science of alcohol fermentation and to the business aspect of it as well.
«Thousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody’s mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope. Man has now arrived at the next step, shall we say “the wheel” of...» Document abstract
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biology
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SummaryThousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody’s mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope. Man has now arrived at the next step, shall we say “the wheel” of our lifetime, stem cells and in particular embryonic stem cells. Research of these remarkable and still very mysterious cells is the key to the future and can be more useful and rewarding than anyone had ever expected. Stem cells are the gateway to a longer, healthier life. They have the potential to cure such traumatic diseases as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s; the list could go on forever.
Table of Contents- Thousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody's mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope
- Galileo, the man who 'defied' his society, and perfected the telescope, is now considered one of the most brilliant and revolutionary men in history
- It is impossible to write a paper defending stem cell research without first giving an overview of what stem cells are
- It should be universally understood that every single minute of life is important, to lose that understanding is to lose all morals
- President Bush's policies on stem cell research are unjustified and are being discredited all over the country and the world
- So what makes scientists so sure that embryonic stem cells are the key to the future?
«DNA technology is vital to our technological progress as a society. Without such things as gene therapy which is part of DNA technology many medical feats would not have been accomplished. DNA manipulation is used in many aspects of life, ranging...» Document abstract
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biology
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SummaryDNA technology is vital to our technological progress as a society. Without such things as gene therapy which is part of DNA technology many medical feats would not have been accomplished. DNA manipulation is used in many aspects of life, ranging from farms to hospitals and the gene cloning we attempted in our lab was but a precursor to all these great advances.
Table of Contents- Introduction
- The DNA manipulation can lead to many advances and understanding how DNA works is important not only for the scientist but also for the general public
- Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate DNA fragments for analysis and size comparison
- In the second week of the DNA lab (Part II), we resuspended the DNA pellet in 20µl TE buffer and vortexed the solution
- After everything was done, we mixed the restriction enzyme digests with the blue dye solution containing xylene cyanol and bromophenol blue
- Written Results
- The control gels in the experiment did not run out all the way making the result hard to interpret.
- The BglI cut at around 1700 and 1400 and the EcoRI and BglI cut at 1400 and 1600 base pairs, because the lightest ones go the farthest.
- Discussion
«The ecosystem of a freshwater lake, stream, and river is greatly influenced by the environment it is in. Temperature, light, nutrients, rainfall amounts, species composition and organic or inorganic pollutant levels all differ from lake to lake,...» Document abstract
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biology
school essay
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SummaryThe ecosystem of a freshwater lake, stream, and river is greatly influenced by the environment it is in. Temperature, light, nutrients, rainfall amounts, species composition and organic or inorganic pollutant levels all differ from lake to lake, depending on the circumstances of their environment. A change in any one of these factors would have a direct effect on the number of organisms that populate a lake. One way in which the contents of water changes is eutrophication. During this process, organic materials, sediment and nutrients are blown from the surrounding environment into the pond. This in turn increases the nutrient levels in the water. (Bole 56)
Table of Contents- This experiment tests how decreasing ph affects the life in pond water. Acidification of lakes is becoming a more widespread problem, due to an increasing number of pollutants in the air that contaminate acid rain
- We believed that this experiment was important in that it related the problems facing lakes today. Acidification is a dangerous to the environment killing off many organisms in living freshwater
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Our biggest error in methodology happened in the measurements of water clarity.
«Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie....» Document abstract
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medical studies
research papers
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28/09/2007
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SummaryImagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie. Eating meat is an essential part of everyone’s nutritional needs and provides nutrients that are otherwise impossible to retain in a solely vegetarian diet. (Hinman 248). There is no doubt how meat is really needed, truly wanted by the body. Of course there are your truly hardcore and enthusiastic vegetarian group of people, but there are also people that feel very strongly about eating meat and how everyone should partake in the practice. The claim that, “eating meat is bad” (Coleman) is flawed because the writer of this claim does not take into account the advantages of meat eating and completely ignores the fallacies he uses to back his claim. Instead, the reality is that meat plays an important part in the everyday diet for humans and is in no way unethical or immoral to eat.
Table of Contents- Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today
- The advantages to eating meat are numberless, and the health benefits far out weigh the so- called risks of obtaining any rare diseases, especially for athletes
- There is nothing immoral or unethical being done when people eat meat, just an action being done to suppress a person's natural desire for food
- The author of 'Eating Meat Is Bad For You,' Vernon Coleman, makes many logical fallacies throughout his argument that don't hold any true value, or that twist the actual truth to push his view on the audience
- Meat is a part of the food pyramid that should never be taken off or ignored.
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