«Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus.
For...» Document abstract
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Language : english
medical studies
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26/09/2007
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SummaryPregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus.
For obstetric purposes, the duration of pregnancy is based on gestational age: the estimated age of the fetus calculated from the first day of the last (normal) menstrual period (LMP), assuming a 28-day cycle.
Table of Contents
- Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body
- Gestational age is expressed in completed weeks
- Live Birth
- An immature infant weighs 500–1000 g and has completed 20 to less than 28 weeks of gestation
- The postmature syndrome is characterized by prolonged gestation
- A prolonged pregnancy is a gestation that has advanced beyond 2 SD from the mean and with a duration of 42½ weeks or longer
- Birth Rate & Fertility Rate
- Neonatal Interval
- Perinatal Interval
- Final Discussion
«After the diagnosis of pregnancy is made, it is imperative to determine the duration of pregnancy and the estimated date of confinement (EDC).
Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the...» Document abstract
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26 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
26/09/2007
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SummaryAfter the diagnosis of pregnancy is made, it is imperative to determine the duration of pregnancy and the estimated date of confinement (EDC).
Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). This may also be calculated as 266 days or 38 weeks from the last ovulation in a normal 28-day cycle.
Table of Contents
- Calculation of Gestational Age
- CLINICAL PARAMETERS OF GESTATIONAL AGE
- DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY AT TERM
- Ultrasonography
«The heart is an integral part of the cardiovascular system in the body of vertebrates. It provides the pressure needed for the blood to be pumped to different parts of the body. The heart maintains the flow of blood throughout the whole...» Document abstract
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5 word format
Language : english
biology
presentation
date published
18/09/2007
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SummaryThe heart is an integral part of the cardiovascular system in the body of vertebrates. It provides the pressure needed for the blood to be pumped to different parts of the body. The heart maintains the flow of blood throughout the whole cardiovascular system. This in turn allows all the separate parts of the body to be energized with oxygenated blood, maintaining a stable internal environment.
The heart plays essentially the same role in all the animals which posses it, however its structural anatomy varies somewhat from species to species. Amphibian hearts have three chambers which include the left atrium, right atrium and a single ventricle.
The heart plays essentially the same role in all the animals which posses it, however its structural anatomy varies somewhat from species to species. Amphibian hearts have three chambers which include the left atrium, right atrium and a single ventricle.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- The heart plays essentially the same role in all the animals which posses it, however its structural anatomy varies somewhat from species to species.
- In order for the heart to function properly it must sustain a certain rhythm.
- Certain drugs can affect the rhythmic beating of the heart in various ways
- When the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated Norepinephrine is released, increasing both the heart rate and the strength of the cardiac muscle contraction
- As the cardiac cycle progresses electrical impulses travel throughout the cardiac muscle, producing electrical currents
- My group and I followed the procedure as written in Foundations of Biology
- Discussion
- In order to accurately understand the mechanisms of the heart one must look at the electrical portion of the readings (ECG
- In retrospect our hypothesis did hold up to an extent
«In the “Population Ecology Experiment”, fruit flies were used to investigate the factors that enhanced and limited population growth in these species alone as well as in the presence of other species. In this experiment, the effects of high and low...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
biology
case study
date published
18/09/2007
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SummaryIn the “Population Ecology Experiment”, fruit flies were used to investigate the factors that enhanced and limited population growth in these species alone as well as in the presence of other species. In this experiment, the effects of high and low population densities in the same size habitat were compared. The habitat was a glass vial containing approximately equal amounts of food and moisture and kept at the same temperature as the other vials that were involved in this project.
Table of Contents
- Introduction:
- Methods:
- Results:
- Data:
- Discussion:
«Adenosis is a term used to describe nonepithelialized columnar glandular epithelium in the vagina. At ~15th week of embryological development, the Mullerian system, which forms the upper 2/3 of the vagina, fuses with the invaginating cloaca, which...» Document abstract
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22 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
18/09/2007
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SummaryAdenosis is a term used to describe nonepithelialized columnar glandular epithelium in the vagina. At ~15th week of embryological development, the Mullerian system, which forms the upper 2/3 of the vagina, fuses with the invaginating cloaca, which forms the lower vagina.
Squamous metaplasia from the cloacal region then produces a squamous epithelium through the vagina. Adenosis occurs when this squamous epithelium fails to completely epithelialize the vagina.
Table of Contents
- DESCRIPTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- TESTS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Conclusions
«Involuntary painful contraction of perineal muscles and levator ani prior to or during vaginal intercourse. The experience of or even the anticipation of pain on vaginal entry causes these muscles to contract, occluding the vaginal opening and...» Document abstract
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20 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
presentation
date published
18/09/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryInvoluntary painful contraction of perineal muscles and levator ani prior to or during vaginal intercourse. The experience of or even the anticipation of pain on vaginal entry causes these muscles to contract, occluding the vaginal opening and causing further pain when penetration is attempted. Repeated dyspareunia (pain with intercourse) can cause vaginismus and vaginismus can cause dyspareunia.
Table of Contents
- DESCRIPTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- ETIOLOGY
- ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TESTS
- TREATMENT
- SPECIAL THERAPY
- Conclusions
«An acquired, slowly progressive depigmenting condition in small or large areas of the skin due to the disappearance of previously active melanocytes
Focal (including segmental) vitiligo: 1 to a few scattered macules, occasionally in a dermatomal...» Document abstract
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28 slides .ppt
Language : english
medical studies
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date published
18/09/2007
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SummaryAn acquired, slowly progressive depigmenting condition in small or large areas of the skin due to the disappearance of previously active melanocytes
Focal (including segmental) vitiligo: 1 to a few scattered macules, occasionally in a dermatomal distribution
Generalized vitiligo: Many widespread macules (most common form)
Universal vitiligo: Little remaining normal pigment
Table of Contents
- DESCRIPTION
- ALERT
- Pediatric Considerations
- Pregnancy Considerations
- GENERAL PREVENTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TESTS
- Pathological Findings
- TREATMENT
- MEDICATION (DRUGS)
- COMPLICATIONS
- Conclusions
«The GABA(A) receptor plays a vital role in the mammalian brain and is responsible for a large majority of inhibitory neurotransmissions in the central nervous system (Perrine 144). The GABA(A) receptor is a member of the ionotropic (ligand gated)...» Document abstract
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4 word format
Language : english
biology
school essay
date published
17/09/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryThe GABA(A) receptor plays a vital role in the mammalian brain and is responsible for a large majority of inhibitory neurotransmissions in the central nervous system (Perrine 144). The GABA(A) receptor is a member of the ionotropic (ligand gated) family of receptors that uses GABA, otherwise known as γ-aminobutyric acid, as its ligand. The binding of GABA to the receptor opens the associated ion channel, which in this case is selectively permeable to chlorine ions as they pass down their electrochemical gradient. The negatively charged chlorine ions passing into the cell further negate the postsynaptic membrane potential, usually hyperpolarizing it. This makes it more difficult to depolarize the cell and decreases the probability of further propagation of action potential.
Table of Contents
- The GABA(A) receptor plays a vital role in the mammalian brain and is responsible for a large majority of inhibitory neurotransmissions in the central nervous system
- The GABA(A) receptor consists of five glycoprotein subunits
- Other binding sites exist along the protein shell of the GABA(A) receptor complex, including binding sites for agonists (activating ligands) such as barbiturates(sedatives), certain steroids and benzodiazepines
- Diazepam, commonly known as Valium, with its trademark electron attracting group at the 7th position
- with an ' subunit but the aforementioned two GABA ligands are still necessary for the ion channel to open
- Out of the many types of GABA(A) receptors in the nervous system, it is believed that only a few are affected by benzodiazepines
- There exist three types of benzodiazepines, short lasting, intermediate lasting and long lasting.
- With all these positive effects of benzodiazepines, there is always the risk of taking too much.
- With all these positive effects of benzodiazepines, there is always the risk of taking too much.
Structural Explanation of The paradox between High Permeability and High Conductance in a Potassium Channel
«The human body is a fascinating array of mechanisms, each perfectly sculpted to satisfy its role in the ever changing needs of our physiology. The various systems within us each rely on impulses, sent via the central or peripheral nervous systems,...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
biology
school essay
date published
17/09/2007
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level : General public
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SummaryThe human body is a fascinating array of mechanisms, each perfectly sculpted to satisfy its role in the ever changing needs of our physiology. The various systems within us each rely on impulses, sent via the central or peripheral nervous systems, to coordinate everything from breathing to walking to thinking. These messages, sent throughout the entire body and relayed through neurons, consisting of axons and dendrites, are just as intricate as the systems they support.
Table of Contents
- The human body is a fascinating array of mechanisms, each perfectly sculpted to satisfy its role in the ever changing needs of our physiology
- The voltage gated potassium channel through which K+ ions diffuse is shaped somewhat like an 'upside down teepee?.
- Legend: Two of the helical subunits of a voltage gated potassium channel, along with carbonyl binding sites at the top, which is the narrowest region of the channel
- The voltage sensor paddles hold four positive charges, making the total sixteen, which slide almost all the way through the fluid membrane.
«This article deals with a possible solution to water pollution in a Wisconsin suburb. However the results could be universally interpreted, with the method of prevention being employed in many areas of the world. The Article describes a scientist’s...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
biology
case study
date published
17/09/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
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SummaryThis article deals with a possible solution to water pollution in a Wisconsin suburb. However the results could be universally interpreted, with the method of prevention being employed in many areas of the world. The Article describes a scientist’s experiment to test the amount of water runoff from his front yard into the local lake. Initially he observed that his soil only absorbed at water at a rate of 2 inches per hour, whereas the remaining runoff water from a major rainstorm was traveling down the street picking up “oil, chemicals, pesticides and sediments built up on lawns, driveways and streets”.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Water Pollution is a set of adverse effects upon any body of water by human activity
- Toxic pollutants end up spreading through all marine life, killing many organisms
- Methods
- Testing absorption rate of various soils to see which will allow the least water to enter a nearby body of water
- Tests done on Mallard (aquatic bird in Hungary) when exposed to Cu and Pb
- Results
- Sources of Pollution
- Effects of Pollution
- Discussion
- Prevention Methods
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