«By definition, developmental dyslexia is a “discrepancy between the reading ability and intelligence in children receiving adequate reading tuition” (Ramus et al, 2002). There has been substantial empirical evidence lending support to genetic causes...» Document abstract
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SummaryBy definition, developmental dyslexia is a “discrepancy between the reading ability and intelligence in children receiving adequate reading tuition” (Ramus et al, 2002). There has been substantial empirical evidence lending support to genetic causes of the condition. It is characterized as chronic, with deficiencies in reading being only one of the symptoms. While there has been progress in dyslexia research, there is still contention on the genetic and cognitive roots of dyslexia (Ramus et al, 2002). There is marked contention on the origins of dyslexia among psychologists. The distinguishing traits of the condition include reading and writing difficulties. It is surmised that it spawns from sensory dysfunctions, and these have been thoroughly backed up by empirical research. However, the definitive cause of the condition is yet to be determined (Coleman, 2002). The disorder has frequently been hypothesized to be the result of various sensory malfunctions.
Table of Contents- This essay aims to compare the two theories of dyslexia at the biological, cognitive and behavioral levels.
- In addition, at the cognitive level, the phonological deficit theory represents the condition as a deficiency in the coding of data.
- Simos et al (2002) has utilized magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine 10 pediatric dyslexics and 8 control subjects on a visual reading task
- Still on the biological aspect of the magnocellular theory, Nicolson, Fawcett, & Dean (2001) have found that the issues confronting pediatric dyslexics are not constrained only to reading and spelling difficulties.
- There is also no definitive number as to dyslexics that exhibit motor difficulties, and a number of studies have only found a limited percentage of dyslexics who have exhibited such difficulties
- The lack of agreement on the core features of dyslexia may be one reason for the difficulty in defining inclusion criteria for research and its current variability.
«Undoubtedly, the brain is an essential organ of the human body. Without this vital organ, senses such sight, hearing, tasting, smelling and feeling cannot be put to use. The brain controls everything in the human body 1 and is considered a complex...» Document abstract
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SummaryUndoubtedly, the brain is an essential organ of the human body. Without this vital organ, senses such sight, hearing, tasting, smelling and feeling cannot be put to use. The brain controls everything in the human body 1 and is considered a complex structure. It is a mass of nervous tissue assembled together, weighing three pounds with more than ten billion cells present in it. The brain is able to receive impulses from various structures of the body. The brain is given the function of examining the received impulses and making the necessary adjustments or movements for that particular event. The brain is termed as man’s consciousness, memory, reasoning and intelligence. The idea that emotions are controlled by the heart is a misnomer. The emotions felt by humans are still controlled by the brain 2.
The human brain is synonymous to an electrical company wherein million of wires are needed to make the transfer of impulses smoothly and if one wire is not functioning accordingly, it will have an effect on the whole system. Similar with the brain, millions of nerves are present and function properly to guarantee smooth transmission of impulses. If a part of the brain has been affected or if a nerve was damaged along the process, it can affect the proper functioning of the brain.
The human brain is synonymous to an electrical company wherein million of wires are needed to make the transfer of impulses smoothly and if one wire is not functioning accordingly, it will have an effect on the whole system. Similar with the brain, millions of nerves are present and function properly to guarantee smooth transmission of impulses. If a part of the brain has been affected or if a nerve was damaged along the process, it can affect the proper functioning of the brain.
Table of Contents- The Rationale Behind Awake Craniotomy
- Utility of Awake Craniotomy
- Anesthesia
- New Anesthetic Agents
- Desflurane
- Sevoflurane
- Remifentanil
- Monitoring
- New Procedures
- Stereotactic Biopsy/ Craniotomy
- Kinds of Anesthetics
- Anesthetic Techniques
- Local Anesthesia
- Intravenous Agents
- The general procedure for craniotomy includes...
- Steroid Medication
- Anticonvulsant Therapy
«The field of biomedicine is wrought with ethical questions and dilemmas. As researchers and medical professions work to improve our quality of health, they must constantly evaluate the appropriateness of their efforts, especially when weighted...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe field of biomedicine is wrought with ethical questions and dilemmas. As researchers and medical professions work to improve our quality of health, they must constantly evaluate the appropriateness of their efforts, especially when weighted against the experimental and the adverse unknown. Wyeth Ayerst, a prominent pharmaceutical company, encountered such a difficult ethical situation when they ventured to develop a vaccine to defeat rotavirus. Although their intentions stemmed from moral grounds, the progression of their work to put the vaccine into use forced them into an ethical dilemma. Wyeth Ayerst’s case exemplifies how ethical considerations are necessary in the medicine and business realms, regardless of the nature of the situation at hand.
Table of Contents- Rotavirus is not the most lethal or life-threatening virus 'around,' yet its presence permeates all communities and creates a significant burden on those affected.
- The laboratories of Wyeth Ayerst evaluated the rotavirus facts and saw the illness as a promising challenge they wished to undertake
- With the RotaShield vaccine in high usage though, VAERS was discovering a much larger rate of intussusceptions cases, in particular severe or life-threatening cases.
- RotaShield may easily be in accordance with utilitarian ethics, yet under a system of Kantian ethics, RotaShield is not as clearly justified.
- For underdeveloped areas though, where medical practices are lacking and rotavirus is viewed as a deadly illness, the application of Kantian ethics progresses differently.
- The RotaShield vaccine that Wyeth Ayerst developed may be a medical boon to many, yet along with its benefits come a considerable amount of ethical concerns.
«The implicit belief of medical anthropologists is that culture does have an impact on the structure, realities, and perceptions of medical practice. Medicine is distinctive to specific cultures, and regardless of whether or not such individualized...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe implicit belief of medical anthropologists is that culture does have an impact on the structure, realities, and perceptions of medical practice. Medicine is distinctive to specific cultures, and regardless of whether or not such individualized practices fall within the realm of Western biomedicine, they must be respected as valid and authoritative systems for the given society. As an anthropologist, it is much easier to separate our traditions of medical practice from those being studied or in question. Yet from a medical practitioner’s perspective, the practices that their knowledge is founded in and driven by often create conflict when applied to a highly individualized population of differing beliefs. The benefits of incorporating anthropological perspectives in medical practice are potentially immense, and in Chapters 8, 9, and 10, Lindenbaum and Lock offer three arguments that support this relationship.
Table of Contents- In Chapter 8, Horacio Fabrega delineates a critical medical anthropological review of biomedical psychiatric practices
- Since Fabrega offers a medical anthropological perspective, he incorporates some overarching themes of culture and medicine
- Chapter 9 presents an argument about the use of a double standard when evaluating Western and non-Western medical treatments
- In Chapter 10, Ronald Frankenberg delineates the benefits of relating anthropology to the field of epidemiology
- All three chapters offered concrete and valid arguments regarding the role of anthropology in medical practice
«For the women of Peru, obtaining an abortion is an incredibly risky and life-threatening affair. The unsafe techniques and lack of proper care translate into a substantial amount of maternal morbidity and mortality. Considering that the technology...» Document abstract
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SummaryFor the women of Peru, obtaining an abortion is an incredibly risky and life-threatening affair. The unsafe techniques and lack of proper care translate into a substantial amount of maternal morbidity and mortality. Considering that the technology for safe abortions is widely available, Peru should recognize that unsafe abortion consequences are unnecessary, and work to improve the quality of abortion services, post-abortion care, and contraceptive accessibility. Through raising awareness and validating the presence of abortion, Peru can stress the importance of having high standards in abortion care. Contraceptives also have a huge influence on the quantity of abortions that are even needed. Peru faces challenges in combating unsafe abortions, yet the benefits of their efforts will greatly improve their quality of medical, economic, and social life.
Table of Contents- Consequences of unsafe abortion:
- Vision for unsafe abortions:
- Current outlook in Peru:
- Framework for change:
- Complications:
«Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is an extremely threatening disease for an individual and a country to contract. TB patients in the Central Asia Region are ten times more likely to have MDR-TB than rest of the world (1). Uzbekistan especially...» Document abstract
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SummaryMultidrug-resistant tuberculosis is an extremely threatening disease for an individual and a country to contract. TB patients in the Central Asia Region are ten times more likely to have MDR-TB than rest of the world (1). Uzbekistan especially should address their alarming rates of MDR-TB infection and the conditions that cause them. An effective TB treatment and surveillance program, such as DOTS, along with MDR-TB specific programs like DOTS-plus offer the most reliable course towards MDR-TB reduction. Yet the characteristics of Uzbekistan and the difficult nature of TB and MDR-TB treatment make MDR-TB reduction a challenging but necessary task.
Table of Contents- Consequences of MDR-TB:
- Vision for MDR-TB:
- Present Status of MDR-TB in Uzbekistan:
- Proposed Solutions:
- Constraints to Change:
- MDR-TB is a serious health issue
«Hypertension is an extremely prevalent disease whose burden is most influential on the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Considering the ease of its prevention, hypertension should be employed as an effective route for...» Document abstract
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SummaryHypertension is an extremely prevalent disease whose burden is most influential on the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Considering the ease of its prevention, hypertension should be employed as an effective route for avoiding and reducing cardiovascular disease burden in Venezuela. Yet instead, hypertension is a major contributor to Venezuela’s declining health, inflicting a dangerous amount of the population and predisposing them for further cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension can be effectively detected and treated, especially with the currently available policy frameworks (such as CARMEN). Venezuela will still face difficulties though, especially with cost and adherence to treatment, when intervening to reduce the hypertension burden.
Table of Contents- The Hypertension Threat:
- Vision for Hypertension:
- High Hypertension Pressure: Present Status:
- Overcoming Hypertension:
- Complications in Change:
«Bolivia experiences a level of micronutrient deficiencies strong enough to cause concern for the health and development of its population. Iron and vitamin A deficiencies affect the scope of the population, with a particularly strong toll on rural...» Document abstract
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SummaryBolivia experiences a level of micronutrient deficiencies strong enough to cause concern for the health and development of its population. Iron and vitamin A deficiencies affect the scope of the population, with a particularly strong toll on rural areas. These deficiencies are fundamental to health and growth, and are a major risk factor for the incidence and magnitude of most infectious, diarrheal, and respiratory diseases. Although vitamin A and iron deficiencies generate grave consequences, they can be avoided by straightforward supplementation and fortification methods. Intervening through supplementation and fortification will have a profoundly positive effect, so long as issues of cost, compliance, availability of resources and program reach are managed. Despite its logistical barriers, supplementation and fortification offer the most effective and pervasive solution for defeating micronutrient deficiencies in Bolivia.
Table of Contents- Moderate Deficiencies demand more than Moderate attention
- Effective Vitamins = Effective Deficiencies
- To 'supplify' or to fortify?
- Fortified Barriers to a Fortified Population
- Micronutrient deficiencies affect and predict the health of the Bolivian population
«Cervical cancer takes a pervasive yet insidious toll on the lives of women. Haitian women in particular are dramatically affected by death and disability induced by cervical cancer. Yet the characteristics and natural history of cervical cancer...» Document abstract
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SummaryCervical cancer takes a pervasive yet insidious toll on the lives of women. Haitian women in particular are dramatically affected by death and disability induced by cervical cancer. Yet the characteristics and natural history of cervical cancer are not unknown, making the only mysterious aspect of cervical cancer its pronounced and debilitating occurrence among women both in Haiti and the world.
Cervical cancer occurs in the cell walls that line the cervix. As cells change, they can develop into precancerous cells, appearing as lesions. These cells may eventually become cancerous (about 50% of precancerous cells become cancerous) (11). The critical stages of cervical cell development exhibit no symptoms, and cancerous warts or lesions are usually flat and nearly invisible, making cervical cancer extremely undetectable unless tested for.
Cervical cancer occurs in the cell walls that line the cervix. As cells change, they can develop into precancerous cells, appearing as lesions. These cells may eventually become cancerous (about 50% of precancerous cells become cancerous) (11). The critical stages of cervical cell development exhibit no symptoms, and cancerous warts or lesions are usually flat and nearly invisible, making cervical cancer extremely undetectable unless tested for.
Table of Contents- Epidemiological Description
- Epidemiological Measurement
- Graphical Presentation
- Risk factors
- Attributable risk percentages for risk factors
- Population Attributable Risk and Interpretation:
- Multiple sex partners
- High-parity
«For our society, polio was an intense and dramatic disease that was eradicated almost as quickly as it came. Now polio remains a fleeting memory of both the tragedy of disease and the “miracle” of science, yet other nations who are not so fortunate...» Document abstract
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SummaryFor our society, polio was an intense and dramatic disease that was eradicated almost as quickly as it came. Now polio remains a fleeting memory of both the tragedy of disease and the “miracle” of science, yet other nations who are not so fortunate are still living the history and potential of polio endemics. Despite the fact that an effective vaccine system exists, polio still manages to have an impact on the health of certain populations. It is perhaps the more humanistic qualities of polio rather than clinical that impedes the campaign for polio eradication.
Table of Contents- Developing nations are especially struggling to fully eradicate polio
- Communication about polio and polio vaccines has had a tumultuous history in Africa
- Beyond the attitudes and fears specific to polio-affected populations
- The format for this media would consist of two parts
- This message will be effective because it is direct and culturally grounded
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