« HISTOLOGY . AGING OF THE DECIDUA . PROLACTIN IN THE DECIDUA . THE DECIDUA This tissue is the specialized, highly modified endometrium of pregnancy. ...» Document abstract
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SummaryThis tissue is the specialized, highly modified endometrium of pregnancy. The transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua is dependent upon the action of estrogen and progesterone and other stimuli provided by the implanting blastocyst (or maternal platelets) during trophoblast invasion of the endometrium and its blood vessels. The special relationship that exists between the endometrium/decidua and the invading trophoblast seemingly defies the laws of transplantation immunology. The success of this unique autograft is not only a scientific curiosity but may involve processes that harbor insights into more successful transplantation surgery and perhaps the control of neoplasia as well.
Table of Contents- STRUCTURE
- DECIDUAL REACTION
- BLOOD SUPPLY
- HISTOLOGY
- AGING OF THE DECIDUA
- PROLACTIN IN THE DECIDUA
« Soon after blastocyst adherence to the endometrial epithelium, the cytotrophoblasts proliferate rapidly and begin to invade the surrounding decidua. ...» Document abstract
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SummaryIn a description of the earliest stages of the human blastocyst, the wall of the primitive blastodermic vesicle was characterized as consisting of a single layer of ectoderm. As early as 72 hours after ovum fertilization, the 58-cell blastula had differentiated into 5 embryo-producing cells and 53 cells destined to form trophoblasts (Hertig, 1962). Although trophoblasts have not been distinguished before blastocyst implantation, both cytotrophoblasts and syncy-tiotrophoblast are present in the earliest implanted blastocyst of the monkey. Indeed, evidence has been presented that chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by cells of the human blastocyst at the time of implantation.
Table of Contents- EARLY BLASTOCYSTS
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AFTER IMPLANTATION
- CYTOTROPHOBLAST INVASION OF DECIDUAL VESSELS
- GERM LAYERS
« OVERVIEW OF ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION . THE ACCOMMODATION OF PREGNANCY IS THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOMETRIUM/DECIDUA. . SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS OF THE DECIDUA. ...» Document abstract
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SummaryEndometrium/decidua is the anatomical site of blastocyst apposition, implantation, and placental development. The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity and the decidua is the highly modified and specialized endometrium of pregnancy. From an evolutionary perspective, the human endometrium is highly developed in order to accommodate a hemochorioendothelial type of placentation. Endometrial development of a magnitude similar to that observed in women, that is with special spiral (or coiling) arteries, is restricted to only the catarrhine primates—such as humans, great apes, and Old World monkeys. Trophoblasts of the blastocyst invade these endometrial arteries during implantation and placentation to establish uteroplacental vessels.
Table of Contents- MATERNAL TISSUES OF THE FETAL-MATERNAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE UTERUS
- OVERVIEW OF ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION
- THE ACCOMMODATION OF PREGNANCY IS THE CARDINAL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOMETRIUM/DECIDUA.
- SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS OF THE DECIDUA.
- ESTROGEN ACTION.
- PROGESTERONE ACTION.
« HLA EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN EMBRYO. IMPLANTATION AND INTEGRIN SWITCHING. TROPHOBLAST ATTACHMENT IN DECIDUA: ONCOFETAL FIBRONECTIN. . ...» Document abstract
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SummaryOver the last half century, many attempts to explain the survival of the semiallogenic fetal graft have been proposed. One of the earliest explanations was based on the theory of antigenic immaturity of the embryo-fetus. This was disproved by Billingham (1964) who showed that transplantation (HLA) antigens are demonstrable very early in embryonic life. The trophoblasts are the only cells of the conceptus in direct contact with maternal tissues or blood and these tissues are genetically identical with fetal tissues. Another explanation was based on diminished immunological responsiveness of the pregnant woman. There is, however, no evidence for this to be other than an ancillary factor. In a third explanation, the uterus (decidua) is proposed as an immunologically privileged tissue site. Clearly, transplantation immunity can be evoked and expressed in the uterus as in other tissues. Therefore, the acceptance and the survival of the conceptus in the maternal uterus must be attributed to an immunological peculiarity of the trophoblasts, not the decidua.
Table of Contents- CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH
- IMMUNOCOMPETENCY OF THE TROPHOBLASTS.
- TROPHOBLAST HLA CLASS I EXPRESSION
- UTERINE LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES (LGLs)
- HLA-G EXPRESSION IN HUMAN TROPHOBLASTS.
- HLA EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN EMBRYO
- IMPLANTATION AND INTEGRIN SWITCHING
- TROPHOBLAST ATTACHMENT IN DECIDUA: ONCOFETAL FIBRONECTIN.
« at the tips of the villi produces the trophoblastic cell columns, which are not invaded by fetal mesenchyme but are anchored to the decidua at the basal plate. ...» Document abstract
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SummaryFrom the electron microscopic studies of Wislocki and Dempsey (1955), data were provided that permitted a functional interpretation of the fine structure of the placenta. There are prominent microvilli on the syncytial surface, corresponding to the "brush border" described by light microscopy. Associated pinocytotic vacuoles and vesicles are related to the absorptive and secretory placental functions. The inner layer of the villi—the cytotrophoblasts—persists to term, although often compressed against the trophoblastic basal lamina, and retains its ultrastructural simplicity.
Table of Contents- TROPHOBLAST ULTRASTRUCTURE
- PLACENTAL COTYLEDONS
- BREAKS IN THE PLACENTAL "BARRIER"
- PLACENTAL SIZE AND WEIGHT
- PLACENTAL AGING
« the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue. ...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe extravillous and villous trophoblasts are the embryonic-fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the placental arm; the avascular fetal membranes—the amnion and chorion laeve—are the fetal tissues of the anatomical interface of the paracrine arm of this system.
The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi; fetal blood is contained within fetal capillaries, which traverse within the intravillous spaces of the villi. This is a hemochorioendothelial type of placenta. The paracrine arm of this system links the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue.
The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi; fetal blood is contained within fetal capillaries, which traverse within the intravillous spaces of the villi. This is a hemochorioendothelial type of placenta. The paracrine arm of this system links the mother and fetus through the anatomical and biochemical juxtaposition of (extraembryonic) chorion laeve and (maternal uterine) decidua parietalis tissue.
Table of Contents- The placental arm of this system links the mother and fetus as follows: maternal blood (spurting out of the uteroplacental vessels) directly bathes the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer surface of the trophoblastic villi
- EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- FERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM AND CLEAVAGE OF THE ZYGOTE
- THE EARLY HUMAN ZYGOTE.
- IMPLANTATION
- BIOLOGY OF THE TROPHOBLAST
- DIFFERENTIATION.
- FORMATION OF THE SYNCYTIUM
« small area of the fetal membranes immediately over the cervical os, this is the only site at which the reflected chorion laeve is not contiguous with decidua. ...» Document abstract
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SummaryThe amnion at term is a tough and tenacious but pliable membrane. It is the innermost fetal membrane and is contiguous with the aminonic fluid. This particular avascular structure occupies a role of incredible importance in human pregnancy. In many obstetrical populations, preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes is the single most common antecedent of preterm delivery. The amnion is the tissue that provides almost all of the tensile strength of the fetal membranes. Therefore, the development of the component(s) of the amnion that protects against rupture or tearing is vitally important to successful pregnancy outcome.
Table of Contents- STRUCTURE
- DEVELOPMENT
- AMNION CELL HISTOGENESIS
- AMNION EPITHELIAL CELLS.
- AMNION MESENCHYMAL CELLS.
- ANATOMY
- TENSILE STRENGTH
- INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENS.
- COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS IN AMNION.
- VASOACTIVE PEPTIDES.
- AMNIONIC FLUID.
« monkey. Contrib Embryol 28:219, 1940 Lockwood CJ, Krikun G. Schatz F: The decidua regulates hemostasis in human endometrium. Semin ...» Document abstract
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SummaryMenstruation is the periodic discharge of blood, mucus, and cellular debris from the uterine mucosa. Menses occur at more or less regular, cyclical, and predictable intervals from menarche to menopause except during pregnancy, lactation, anovulation, or pharmacological intervention. It is convenient and more descriptive to use the term menstruation to refer to the bleeding that accompanies progesterone withdrawal after ovulation with nonfertile cycles, and to refer to other episodes of endometrial hemorrhage in nonpregnant women as uterine or endometrial bleeding.
Table of Contents- MENARCHE AND PUBERTY
- INTERVAL BETWEEN MENSES
- DURATION OF MENSTRUAL BLEEDING
- MENSTRUAL BLOOD
- TISSUE FACTOR AND MENSTRUAL BLOOD CLOTTING
- FIBRINOLYSIS OF MENSTRUAL BLOOD CLOTS
- BLOOD LOSS WITH MENSES
« After the 30th week, a prominent venous plexus separates the decidua basalis from the myometrium, thus participating in providing a plane of cleavage for ...» Document abstract
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SummaryBecause the placenta functionally represents a rather intimate association of the fetal capillary bed to maternal blood, its gross anatomy primarily concerns vascular relations. The fetal surface of the placenta is covered by the transparent amnion beneath which the fetal chorionic vessels course. A section through the placenta in situ includes amnion, chorion, chorionic villi and intervillous spaces, decidual plate, and myometrium. The maternal surface of the placenta is divided into irregular lobes by furrows produced by septa, which consist of fibrous tissue with sparse vessels confined mainly to their bases. The broad-based septa ordinarily do not reach the chorionic plate, thus providing only incomplete partitions.
Table of Contents- FETAL CIRCULATION
- MATERNAL CIRCULATION
- Ramsey and Donner (1980) presented a summary of anatomical studies of the uteroplacental vasculature.
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