«The Ideas of Confucius Confucius lived through a time of social change in China. Society was moving away from the old values, and ...» Document abstract
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3 word format
Language : english
humanities/philosophy
school essay
date published
07/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 2 times
SummaryConfucius lived through a time of social change in China. Society was moving away from the old values, and towards more selfish pursuits that he felt were immoral and unjust. To this end, Confucius taught others what he felt were the core values of ancient Chinese culture, and in effect changed China forever.
The two most stressed values that Confucius taught were Ren, “Perfect Virtue”, and Li, “Rules of Propriety”, both of which, according to Confucius, are needed in order to become a superior man. Confucius’ idea was if each person were to become superior men on their own, there would be no need for social reform, because everyone would already be living by values that perfected China as a whole.
The two most stressed values that Confucius taught were Ren, “Perfect Virtue”, and Li, “Rules of Propriety”, both of which, according to Confucius, are needed in order to become a superior man. Confucius’ idea was if each person were to become superior men on their own, there would be no need for social reform, because everyone would already be living by values that perfected China as a whole.
« for modernization (although contrary to his statements as Hopper and Tetsuo Najita note, Chinese classical Confucius thought did influence his ideas as well). ...» Document abstract
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8 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
book review
date published
20/04/2008
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level : General public
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SummaryThe biography on Fukuzawa Yûkichi written by Helen M. Hopper explores one of the most influential private citizens and his views and actions during a critical period of development in Japanese history. The aim of the book is to explore the large contributions, and the influence that Fukuzawa had in the modernization of Japan. Hopper explores the life of Fukuzawa in a chronological order and relates the events in his life to the happenings of Japanese society on the whole. The origins of Fukuzawa from the lowly the Nakatsu-han and from the lower part of the samurai ranks is a source of dissatisfaction for Yûkichi, however Yûkichi knowingly exploits his position and the system to achieve future success. Events in the Japanese world after Fukuzawa’s break from the rigid social hierarchy of Tokugawa Japan would see him turn further west than originally planned: Yûkichi would anticipate the Japanese turn to America and the English language in place of Dutch scholarship.
Table of Contents
- Fukuzawa Yûkichi was born January 10th 1835 to Fukuzawa Hyakusuke and O-Jun in Osaka, Japan.
- As the youngest son in the family Yûkichi was able to pursue interests outside of serving the daimyo as his father.
- With the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 and the Harris treaty in July 1858 a new foreign influence would become prominent in Japan.
- Fukuzawa had become a vassal to the bakufu during the civil war.
- During the organization of the second punitive expedition Fukuzawa cautioned the shogunate.
- Fukuzawa would only participate in Japanese society as a private citizen.
- Apart from just political arguments Fukuzawa would also engage in widespread social and cultural debates.
- The focus of the entire nation of Japan after the signing of the first unequal treaties was aimed at one goal.
- As a private citizen Fukuzawa Yûkichi influenced the direction of Japanese development.
« Confucius had stated that one must lavish one's tributaries with gifts, just as they Zhu Di had differing ideas from his predecessors on how China's foreign ...» Document abstract
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2 word format
Language : english
literature
school essay
date published
07/12/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
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SummaryWhen China Ruled the Seas is a discourse on the histories of China’s naval prowess. The book begins with early Chinese history, detailing China’s first ships, and the somewhat disputable evidence of China’s colonization and exploration of places such as Japan, North America, Australia, and the Pacific Isles. It even mentions possible evidence that China may have made great impacts on Central and South American cultures. This is all outlined with histories of great migrations of peoples within the Chinese states.
« but the five relationships championed by Confucius (father-son, ruler-subject, etc) created a very hierarchal and unequal society. As new ideas and "-isms ...» Document abstract
$4.95
5 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
05/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
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Summary"Down with Confucianism!" "We want Mr. S and Mr. D!" These were some of the cries that could be heard in the streets of China on May 4, 1919. This date marked the high point of the student movement known as the May Fourth Movement. Following the humiliation at the Paris Peace Conference after the end of the First World War, Chinese students and intellectuals began to voice their opinions on where they thought their country should be headed. These members of society realized a change was needed in order for China to survive in the changing world. Confucianism, the secular philosophy which the Chinese had followed for centuries, was singled out as the main culprit for the current demise of China.
Table of Contents
- . Following the humiliation at the Paris Peace Conference after the end of the First World War, Chinese students and intellectuals began to voice their opinions on where they thought their country should be headed.
- Out of this movement emerged a new class of intellectual thinkers that had been educated in the West, the most influential of these men were the writers.
- The most famous and influential of the May Fourth writers was Lu Xun. Lu Xun, born Zhou Shuren, was born in 1881 into a gentry family stricken by poverty.
- Lu Xun's early writings were focused on essays in the more formal, traditional Chinese style which he wrote for a variety of literary publications in both Japan and China.
- The most powerful criticism by Li Xun is held for general population of Chinese society.
- This mentality can also be clearly seen in Kong Yiji.
- The second most attacked group by Lu Xun in his writings was the upper-class gentry.
- In Lu Xun's other story 'In the Tavern', we meet the scholar Weifu, who has also been crushed by the Confucian system.
- When Mao Zedong came to power following the Communist Revolution, he praised Lu Xun, hailing him as the 'commander of China's cultural revolution?.
- Perhaps there are still children who haven't eaten men' Save the children
« a global philosophical system of values, developed by Confucius (Kong Fu Zi) during the spring and Autumn Period in Ancient China. These ideas quickly spread ...» Document abstract
$9.95
13 word format
Language : english
political science
worksheets
date published
21/03/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 6 times
SummaryFrom many perspectives, North-East Asia seems to be the area of paradoxes. The astonishing economic development of the region in the second part of the twentieth century, despite a troubled geopolitical context, is a great example of the peculiar ability of these countries to invent their own way and specific model, apart from Occidental preconceptions. Really few experts predicted the incredible economic growth of communist States, such as China or Vietnam, during this period. On the contrary, many expected these systems not to survive the fall of the Soviet Union, economically as well as politically. Paradoxically enough, post-communist North-East Asian States seem to have strengthen their legitimacy and are now ready to face the challenge of globalization as major actors of this new trend. By many aspects, even the North Korean regime belongs to this category, since it succeeded in perpetuating its peculiar Stalinist-dynastic political system. Even if experts have kept on announcing its collapse since more than twenty years, Pyongyang’s regime can be considered as a “success”, based on the only criteria of length and stability. This situation clearly highlights the specificity of North-East Asia : apart from the case of Cuba, there is no other place in the world where communism is still alive. However, some may argue that China is no more a real communist State after Deng’s reforming period. Even if the economic Chinese system does not seem to be driven by Marxist-Leninist principles anymore, the practice of political power and the framework of the Chinese society remain deeply influenced by the communist motto. As a result, although this particular topic would need to be discussed in depth, we chose not to focus this essay on this controversial point and will therefore consider China as a “post-communist” State throughout our presentation.
Table of Contents
- Nationalism within the North Korean system
- Historical and geographical background of North Korean nationalism
- Nationalism as a source of political legitimacy: confusion between the Nation, the History and the Party
- Nationalism as an official ideology: the ideas of Juche
- The revival of Nationalism in contemporaneous China
- Old and new nationalism in modern China: from the May Fourth Movement to the celebration of Confucius
- The New Left movement as a response to the rise of individualism in a threatening new environment
- Emergence of a real 'Confucian-Nationalism' or simple ideological disguise?
« convert the Chinese to Christianity, instead of fusing the two ideas together. terminology for God and the Chinese rites to ancestors and Confucius did in fact ...» Document abstract
$5.95
6 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
presentation
date published
03/10/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 1 times
SummaryThis past Easter Sunday Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to the Catholics in China which provided long-requested guidance to Chinese bishops in the country. The Pope outlined his opinions on how to respond to illicitly ordained bishops, as well as how to strengthen ties with the Patriotic Association and the Communist government. The government founded the Patriotic Association in 1957 to manage the administration and life of the Catholic Church in China, which is referred to as the "official church." The underground church declares loyalty to Rome alone. These strained Sino-Vatican relations have existed since the Communist came to power over fifty years ago.
Table of Contents
- This past Easter Sunday Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to the Catholics in China which provided long-requested guidance to Chinese bishops in the country.
- The arrival of Christianity into China can be traced back to the Nestorians in 635.
- One its most general level, the Rites Controversy posed a question of whether it is necessary to change a culture in order to adopt a foreign religion.
- These lasting consequences have continued to plague the Sino-Vatican relationship up until today
- Before 1949 the Catholic Church hierarchy in China was dominated by foreigners who regarded China as an area to proselytize.
- Archbishop Antonio Riberi, chose to stay behind in Nanjing to continue his pastoral duties even though the rest of the foreign diplomatic corps had left with the Nationalist Government.
- The problem of the independence of the Chinese Church is the more complex of the two present-day problems.
- Another less emphasized reason on the independence issue put forward by some Chinese clergymen is that all bishops are equal before God.
- Since the idea was first suggested in 1958, the issue of excommunication has since weighed heavily on the Chinese Church.
- Even with recent developments in fixing the relationship, the prospect for a final reconciliation of the Sino-Vatican problem does not appear to be in the near future.
- From the organization perspective there are many international groups which have maintained relations with both China and Taiwan.
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