« The UK and the Euro In Maastricht in 1992, the then twelve members of the European Community decided to move towards an Economic and Monetary Union, with the ...» Document abstract
$2.95
3 word format
Language : english
european union
presentation
date published
24/03/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 24 times
SummaryExposé en Anglais sur le Royaume-Uni et un passage éventuel à l'euro, qui examine les différents arguments favorables et opposés à l'adoption de la monnaie européenne.
Soon after election, in 1997, the Chancellor, Gordon Brown, said that four of the five tests had not been met (only the fourth was met, about the impact of euro membership on the City of London) but that there were obvious economic benefits to joining. He said that the government should “prepare intensely” so that Britain could be in a position to sign up “early in the next Parliament”. On June of this year, he said exactly the same thing, except he did not give a date.
Are the benefits of Euro membership obvious for Britain? Will a referendum be held in the next Parliament? What would be the outcome?
Soon after election, in 1997, the Chancellor, Gordon Brown, said that four of the five tests had not been met (only the fourth was met, about the impact of euro membership on the City of London) but that there were obvious economic benefits to joining. He said that the government should “prepare intensely” so that Britain could be in a position to sign up “early in the next Parliament”. On June of this year, he said exactly the same thing, except he did not give a date.
Are the benefits of Euro membership obvious for Britain? Will a referendum be held in the next Parliament? What would be the outcome?
Table of Contents- The economic and political debate
- Arguments for membership
- Arguments against
- Is Britain likely to join in the next few years?
- Public opinion
- Interest groups, the media and the No and Yes campaign
- Prepare and persuade
Les internautes ont également acheté « is reinforced by a euro-sceptic public opinion and a particularly euro-phobic press In fact, widening for the UK is a very effective way of avoiding deepening. ...» Document abstract
$3.95
4 word format
Language : english
international relations
presentation
date published
27/03/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 17 times
Summary“We have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not combined. We are interested and associated, but not absorbed.”
Winston Churchill’s famous quote aptly describes Britain’s approach to European integration since the inception of the EU in the 1950’s. Churchill emphasised that although he was ‘not opposed to a European Federation’, he ‘never thought that Britain or the British Commonwealth should become an integral part.’ Churchill’s attitude towards the EU has been imitated by many of the Prime Ministers that followed him. Britain’s relationship towards European integration has generally been one of a reluctant union, supporting free trade and mutually beneficial cooperation, while attempting to distance itself from economic and cultural ‘unity’ with Europe. In the same way, Keynes wrote in 1919: “England still stands outside Europe. Europe’s voiceless tremors do not reach her. Europe is apart and England is not of her Flesh and blood.” This statement also highlights the fact that by the end of the First World War Britain was considered to be “in Europe but not of Europe”.
Winston Churchill’s famous quote aptly describes Britain’s approach to European integration since the inception of the EU in the 1950’s. Churchill emphasised that although he was ‘not opposed to a European Federation’, he ‘never thought that Britain or the British Commonwealth should become an integral part.’ Churchill’s attitude towards the EU has been imitated by many of the Prime Ministers that followed him. Britain’s relationship towards European integration has generally been one of a reluctant union, supporting free trade and mutually beneficial cooperation, while attempting to distance itself from economic and cultural ‘unity’ with Europe. In the same way, Keynes wrote in 1919: “England still stands outside Europe. Europe’s voiceless tremors do not reach her. Europe is apart and England is not of her Flesh and blood.” This statement also highlights the fact that by the end of the First World War Britain was considered to be “in Europe but not of Europe”.
Table of Contents- UK and the European Community: the problem of the integration
- Historical review of Britain an de European Union, from 1950 to these days
- Britain, E.E.U.U. and the European Community
« Knorr is now their biggest brand, with 2.3 billion euro sales in over 100 countries in Europe, under the Findus brand in Italy, Birds Eye in the UK and Iglo in ...» Document abstract
$9.95
18 word format
Language : english
management
theses
date published
30/12/2005
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 1 times
SummaryWe have decided to study the company Unilever for several reasons. Firstly, Unilever is a European company that is one of the biggest multinational in the world. Secondly, as we have chosen to study the corporate culture of multinationals, Unilever presents a quite particular corporate culture. Indeed, as opposed to most of other multinationals, Unilever presents values based on human relationships and local autonomy. Finally, we had the opportunity to get an interview with a Unilever’s executive called Stéphane Verhaeren. He is Brand Manager for Knorr Culinary Aids.
Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch company which owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employs more than 247,000 people and had a worldwide revenue of 48 760 million euro in 2004. Unilever has two parent companies: Unilever NV in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N.V. and PLC is Antony Burgmans while Patrick Cescau is Group Chief Executive. Unilever's major competitors include Nestlé and Procter & Gamble.
Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch company which owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employs more than 247,000 people and had a worldwide revenue of 48 760 million euro in 2004. Unilever has two parent companies: Unilever NV in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N.V. and PLC is Antony Burgmans while Patrick Cescau is Group Chief Executive. Unilever's major competitors include Nestlé and Procter & Gamble.
Table of Contents- The history of Unilever
- Corporate culture theory
- Hofstede's cultural dimension
- Description of the management style
- Sociability and solidarity: Two Dimensions, Four Cultures
- Practical case: Unilever
- Description of Unilever's culture
- Harmonization of corporate culture in Unilever
Les internautes ont également acheté « The Actimel Challenge, viewed 2 April 2006, http://www.mcca.org.uk/showagencies. aspx?pid=12 have tripled in year 2005 and reached 1,46 billion euro (Wall street ...» Document abstract
$9.95
12 word format
Language : english
marketing
presentation
date published
03/11/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 117 times
SummaryDespite rapid changes in the global environment and competitive landscape, advertising remains being perceived as the main marketing communication tool. Though it can be disputable, but not in terms of mass audience reach and therefore expensiveness (PICTON, David & BRODERICK, Amanda 2005, p.595).
The fact is that considerable part of company’s promotional budgets is spent on advertising (Ibid.).
Hence, advertising can not be solely creative and original, what is more important it should successfully fulfill its functions and achieve objectives have been set irrelative of whether it was produced for consumer or business-to-business product (ROTFELD, Herbert 2002).
Through writing this report the author will try to:
➢ Highlight factors responsible for making an advertising effective;
➢ Indicate differences between consumer and B-2-B markets able to influence on the advertising effectiveness;
➢ Apply achieved theoretical results to examine The Danon Actimel advertising.
According to the specificity of exact work primary research methods have not been used and secondary data was considered to be sufficient to carry out analysis in an appropriate way.
To warranty information’s provided objectivity and accordance with contemporary market’s circumstances, periodicals and websites were utilized along with marketing textbooks.
The fact is that considerable part of company’s promotional budgets is spent on advertising (Ibid.).
Hence, advertising can not be solely creative and original, what is more important it should successfully fulfill its functions and achieve objectives have been set irrelative of whether it was produced for consumer or business-to-business product (ROTFELD, Herbert 2002).
Through writing this report the author will try to:
➢ Highlight factors responsible for making an advertising effective;
➢ Indicate differences between consumer and B-2-B markets able to influence on the advertising effectiveness;
➢ Apply achieved theoretical results to examine The Danon Actimel advertising.
According to the specificity of exact work primary research methods have not been used and secondary data was considered to be sufficient to carry out analysis in an appropriate way.
To warranty information’s provided objectivity and accordance with contemporary market’s circumstances, periodicals and websites were utilized along with marketing textbooks.
Table of Contents- Key Factors of Advertising Effectiveness
- Models Overview
- Advertising Plan
- Differences between B-2-C and B-2-B Advertising
- Actimel: Components of Effective Advertising
- Executive Summary
Les internautes ont également acheté « by the French Prime Minister, Edouard Balladur, in order to integrate the Euro zone in News, France accused on Rwanda killings, 2006: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi ...» Document abstract
$9.95
10 word format
Language : english
political science
presentation
date published
12/04/2007
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 9 times
SummaryThe French policy in Africa is frequently deemed neo-colonialist. France would enduringly attempt to keep its former colonies within its sphere of influence for economic and political reasons. Cases in point are the lyrics of the song “Françafrique” by the Ivorian descent artist Tiken Jah Fakoly: “Ils nous vendent des armes / Pendant que nous nous battons / Ils pillent nos richesses / Et se disent être surpris de voir l’Afrique toujours en guerre ” (They sell us weapons / While we are at war / They loot our wealth / And pretend to be surprised to see Africa always at war). The expression “Françafrique” was used by Felix Houphouet-Boigny for the first time in 1955. It was meant to qualify the good French African relationship. Then, the set phrase became more negative: François-Xavier Verschave mentioned the “Françafrique” as a scandal in 1999 . This latter policy means that French leaders aim at leading the former French African Empire through indirect means, generating military, economic and political dependencies. Paradoxically enough, the French cooperation policy has undoubtedly been one of the main engines of Africa’s development. What has been the role of France in its former sub-Saharan African colonies since 1960? Can we draw a line between economic, cultural and military backing and imperialism?
The different types of cooperation appeared to me as an effective method of analysis. That is why in a first part, we will focus on military cooperation. In a second part, we will consider economic cooperation policies. In the last part, we will get a look at cultural cooperation.
The different types of cooperation appeared to me as an effective method of analysis. That is why in a first part, we will focus on military cooperation. In a second part, we will consider economic cooperation policies. In the last part, we will get a look at cultural cooperation.
Table of Contents- Military assistance
- Military Assistance agreements
- The political grip entailed
- The scandal of the Rwandan Genocide
- The Ivorian failure: a turning point?
- Economical cooperation
- Cooperation agreements and aid
- The 'zone France?
- The shift towards the European Union
- Cultural cooperation
- Francophonie
- Scientific cooperation
« php3?id_article=247) publie sur le site de l'Institut Euro 92: Richard Encyclopedie Encarta, - Site Spartacus (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcobden.htm ...» Document abstract
$2.95
3 word format
Language : english
history 1789 to present
worksheets
date published
28/11/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Advanced
requested 3 times
SummaryRichard Cobden was much involved in politics. In Great Britain, after Napoleonic wars, Corn Laws were passed. In Cobden’s opinion the policy implemented in these famous bills was very questionable. Indeed, Frédéric Bastiat’s close friend devoted his entire life to free trade and pacifism.
First of all I will focus on describing the British society and the economic context. Then I will present Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Laws League.
First of all I will focus on describing the British society and the economic context. Then I will present Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Laws League.
Table of Contents- The context.
- Political and social context.
- The Corn Law.
- Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Law League.
- Cobden´s life.
- The Anti-corn Law League.
Les internautes ont également acheté « loans, especially mortgages, and net interest margins narrowing to euro-area levels is that they boast relatively flexible labor markets but the UK, Ireland and ...» Document abstract
$9.95
15 word format
Language : english
economics
presentation
date published
21/08/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : General public
requested 14 times
SummaryTwo years ago, the European Union was joined by 10 new members whose 8 were former communist countries (plus Malta and Cyprus). The fifth enlargement has been the most ambitious in the history of the European Union. It was the largest ever in terms of number of countries (10) and population (75 million) acceding to the European Union. It was the most challenging in terms of disparity of wealth. Achieving the politic and economic reunification of Europe 15 years after the fall of the Berlin wall, it was the most symbolic since the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community which had achieved the French-German reconciliation.
Nevertheless, Eurobarometers showed this strongly symbolic enlargement meet a true enthusiasm neither in old members nor in new comers. Instead, the debate between pros and cons has been mainly situated at the economic level. Western Europeans mainly feared that the enlargement would cause industry outsourcing and Eastern workers’ immigration and thus raise unemployment in Western Europe. Many thought that the enlargement would come at a huge cost for the EU budget or would reduce the EU subsidiaries, including the CAP, they benefited from. Have these initial fears been fulfilled? On the other hand, the pros claimed that the enlargement would boost economy in both old and new members and that the European integration would accelerate the catching-up process and thus decrease the risk of outsourcing. What do the trends reveal two years later? In the context of high unemployment and lowest economic growth in Western Europe than outside, the political and symbolic dimension of the fifth enlargement was of little concern.
Although I considered this political and symbolic dimension at least as much important as the economic one, it would be impossible to analyze all the aspects of the 2004 enlargement exhaustively in just 15 pages. This paper is consequently focused only on the economic results of the enlargement (what is still too ambitious in 15 pages!). That can seem to be premature only two years after the enlargement. Of course, it is. Economic results should be studied in the long run. On the other hand, we need to analyze intermediate results and current trends not only to better the economic integration of the 2004 new members but also in the perspective of the next enlargement: the adhesion of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 or 2008.
Has the 2004 enlargement boosted the EU-15’s and/or new member states’ economies? Were Western Europeans’ initial fears justified actually? Has the EU-15 paid the bill for Eastern and Central European economic success?
Nevertheless, Eurobarometers showed this strongly symbolic enlargement meet a true enthusiasm neither in old members nor in new comers. Instead, the debate between pros and cons has been mainly situated at the economic level. Western Europeans mainly feared that the enlargement would cause industry outsourcing and Eastern workers’ immigration and thus raise unemployment in Western Europe. Many thought that the enlargement would come at a huge cost for the EU budget or would reduce the EU subsidiaries, including the CAP, they benefited from. Have these initial fears been fulfilled? On the other hand, the pros claimed that the enlargement would boost economy in both old and new members and that the European integration would accelerate the catching-up process and thus decrease the risk of outsourcing. What do the trends reveal two years later? In the context of high unemployment and lowest economic growth in Western Europe than outside, the political and symbolic dimension of the fifth enlargement was of little concern.
Although I considered this political and symbolic dimension at least as much important as the economic one, it would be impossible to analyze all the aspects of the 2004 enlargement exhaustively in just 15 pages. This paper is consequently focused only on the economic results of the enlargement (what is still too ambitious in 15 pages!). That can seem to be premature only two years after the enlargement. Of course, it is. Economic results should be studied in the long run. On the other hand, we need to analyze intermediate results and current trends not only to better the economic integration of the 2004 new members but also in the perspective of the next enlargement: the adhesion of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 or 2008.
Has the 2004 enlargement boosted the EU-15’s and/or new member states’ economies? Were Western Europeans’ initial fears justified actually? Has the EU-15 paid the bill for Eastern and Central European economic success?
Table of Contents- The challenging fifth enlargement has undeniably boosted new comer's economies.
- The fifth enlargement was a challenge.
- Two years later, an economic success?.
- Has Western Europe paid the bill for eastern and central European economic growth?.
- Western fears were not justified.
- A small impact on the EU's economy and budget.
« Pension Fund. The fixed income part of the portfolio is managed by the APF and is primarily allocated into Euro Bonds. The quality ...» Document abstract
$9.95
86 word format
Language : english
finance
presentation
date published
27/07/2006
review : not yet assessed
level : Expert
requested 34 times
SummaryPension funds serve to collect and manage an amount of capital, sufficient to make all payments to which participants of the fund are entitled based on the pension plan. The Akzo Nobel Pension Fund
(APF) is responsible for the provision of pensions for all employees of Akzo Nobel in the
Netherlands. It is the task of the Pensions and Insurance Supervisory Authority (PVK) to provide
rules and regulations which guarantee that pension funds are able to fulfill their pension promises. In response to economic and demographic changes in the environment in which pension funds operate,
the PVK drafted a new Financial Assessment Framework (FTK) that is meant to become effective as
of January 1st 2006.
Essential in the new FTK is the fact that the pension liability resulting from a defined benefit pension plan has to be calculated using market value interest yields as discount rates as opposed to the
current practice which uses a fixed rate for discounting pension liabilities. The new FTK increases
the risk exposure of pension funds, since the value of the liabilities will depend on volatile interest rates. As a result, the volatility of the funding ratio of the pension fund will also increase compared
to the current situation in which the liability value is not influenced by changes in market interest rates. This thesis aims to analyze the impact of the new valuation method of liabilities on the asset allocation of the APF.
(APF) is responsible for the provision of pensions for all employees of Akzo Nobel in the
Netherlands. It is the task of the Pensions and Insurance Supervisory Authority (PVK) to provide
rules and regulations which guarantee that pension funds are able to fulfill their pension promises. In response to economic and demographic changes in the environment in which pension funds operate,
the PVK drafted a new Financial Assessment Framework (FTK) that is meant to become effective as
of January 1st 2006.
Essential in the new FTK is the fact that the pension liability resulting from a defined benefit pension plan has to be calculated using market value interest yields as discount rates as opposed to the
current practice which uses a fixed rate for discounting pension liabilities. The new FTK increases
the risk exposure of pension funds, since the value of the liabilities will depend on volatile interest rates. As a result, the volatility of the funding ratio of the pension fund will also increase compared
to the current situation in which the liability value is not influenced by changes in market interest rates. This thesis aims to analyze the impact of the new valuation method of liabilities on the asset allocation of the APF.
Table of Contents- A pension fund in relation with akzo nobel
- Akzo Nobel
- Pension Plans
- Akzo Nobel Pension Fund
- Changing the valuation of pension plans
- The Pensions and Insurance Supervisory Authority
- Driving factors for reform in pension supervision
- New Financial Assessment Framework (FTK)
- Estimating the liabilities of the akzo nobel pension fund
- Considerations in estimating the present value of pension fund liabilities
- Estimating liabilities in practice
- The market value of pension liabilities
- Implications of market valuation on the asset mix
- Development of the funding ratio
- Simulation results
- Fair value compared to actuarial valuation
- Approaches to a stable funding ratio
- Increasing the level of fixed income securities in asset allocation
- Increasing the duration of the fixed income portfolio
- Cash flow matching
- Conditional indexation
- Portfolio composition
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